THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY OCT 7 1939 PUBLICATIONS OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANICAL SERIES VOLUME XIII PART II THE LIBRARY OF THE MAR 151939 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS CHICAGO, U.S.A. 1936-1938 THE LIBRARY OF THE JUL 1-1936 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XIII FLORA OF PERU PART II, No. 2 BY J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE ASSOCIATE CURATOR, HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY THE LIBRARY OF THE MAR 3 1937 B. E. DAHLGREtfNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EDITOR PUBLICATION 379 CHICAGO, U.S.A. MARCH 15, 1937 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS 58 0. FB V. ) 2>, J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE 41. CHLORANTHAGEAE. Chloranthus Family Reference: Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 479-485. 1869. Not only the articulate branchlets, enlarged at the nodes, but also the agreeable fragrance which Ruiz and Pavon describe accu- rately as seemingly emanating from the entire shrub, identify at once the members of this small family. The resin exuded appears as tear-shaped drops, with the color and odor of grains of the alma- ; ciga; in some places it is collected for the preparation of comforting poultices (Ruiz and Pavon). 1. HEDYOSMUM Sw. Tafalla R. & P. Syst. 269. 1798. jfc Shrubs or small trees, always readily known by the opposite /branchlets jointed at the nodes and by the more or less elongate, -.sheath-like, connate stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate in ebracteate aments, the pistillate bracteate and "^capitate or cymose, the cymes often branched. Several of the species |are doubtfully distinct, but most of them are meagerly known. Some forms of H. racemosum are questionably separable from H. ^arborescens Sw., a species typically West Indian. It is a pity that -<|lhe name Tafalla has not been conserved to commemorate the artist ' \flof the Ruiz and Pavon expedition, who collected so many of the *" specimens. ^ Aments and cymules small, 1-2 sessile in the axils of small leaves; leaves conspicuously scabrous beneath H. scabrum. Aments and cymules well developed, the latter several, spicate, paniculate, or capitate-congested. Pistillate flowers in cymules, not capitate-congested. Petioles 7-20 mm. long; leaves mostly 10 cm. long. Cymules 6-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide H. Dombeyanum. Cymules smaller H. racemosum. Petioles 3-8 mm. long; leaves mostly smaller. Leaves ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, bluntly pointed. Branchlets scurfy; drupes 1.5-2 mm. long . . H. Kanehirae. 257 258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Branchlets glabrous; drupes 3-3.5 mm. long . H. Huascari. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate H. Lechleri. Pistillate flowers capitately congested; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate H. glaucum. Hedyosmum Dombeyanum Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 482. 1869. Petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaf blades ovate-oblong, 7-10 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, subacuminate, obtusely callous-serrate, glabrous but somewhat scabrous and distinctly punctate above; cymules loosely paniculate, about 3-flowered, the bracts subequaling the ovate, trigonous drupes. Huanuco: Cochero (Dombey}. Hedyosmum glaucum (R. & P.) Cordem. Adansonia 3: 303. 1863. Tafalla glauca R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798. Branches stout, obtusely angled; leaves acuminate, 10-15 cm. long, rarely 3 cm. broad, glabrous; aments terminal, at first ovoid and 1.5-2 cm. long, becoming cylindric and 3 cm. long; fruiting in- florescence fleshy, to 3 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, the bracts linear, shorter than the lustrous, ovate, trigonous drupes. Neg. 8537. Huanuco: Cochero and Acomayo, Pavon. "Aitacupi," "alma- ciga." Hedyosmum Huascari Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 15. 1931. Similar in foliage to H. Kanehirae but the cymules crowded in a spike 6-8 mm. long, and the slightly exserted, light brown drupes to 3.5 mm. long. Named for one of the last kings of the Incas, Huascar. Cajamarca: Above Tabaconas, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 6113, type. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4353. Hedyosmum Kanehirae Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 14. 1931. A tree about 5 meters high with densely scurfy-punctate branch- lets having short internodes; leaves crowded, thick, the veins rather prominent beneath, the blades closely and minutely callous-crenate, dull, glabrous, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, bluntly narrowed at the apex, up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide but mostly smaller; petioles 3-6 mm. long; cymules approximate in short racemes, many of them sessile or nearly so, 4-5 mm. long and 3-4 mm. broad, the bracts nearly enclosing the finally black, subtrigonous, acute drupes, these FLORA OF PERU 259 scarcely 2 mm. long. The leaves are employed as a remedy for rheumatism (Kanehira). Huanuco: Pan de Azucar, Sawada 64, type. Monzon, Weberbauer 3388. Pampayacu, Kanehira 115, 204- Hedyosmum Lechleri Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 484. 1869. Leaves glabrous, thinnish, oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, remotely crenate-serrulate, 5-7 cm. long, 1.2 cm. broad, the veins obscure, even beneath; cymules in a contracted raceme or spike, about 5 mm. long; drupes pale brown, 3 mm. long, little exserted. Puno: Talaxara (Lechler 2632, 2660). Sangaban, Lechler 2279. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22403. The Killip and Smith specimen, from a tree 7.5 meters high, is perhaps a distinct species, the cymules being 7-8 mm. long, the drupes included, 4 mm. long. Hedyosmum racemosum (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 434. 1834. Tafalla racemosa R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798. A glabrous shrub or small tree with ample, chartaceous, more or less serrulate leaves; petioles in the type 7-10 mm. long but often 2 cm. long or longer; leaf blades lance-elliptic, acuminate, mostly 10-15 cm. long and 5-7 cm. wide; cymules in simple or nearly simple racemes or spikes; drupes in the type trigonous, rather bright (or reddish) brown, about 2 mm. long, exserted. Solms recognizes H. integrum Cordem. Adansonia 3: 302. 1863, and H. Sprucei Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 483. 1869 (Neg. 7831). The former is distin- guished by exactly trigonous, well exserted drupes; the leaves are lustrous and the cymules paniculate. H. Sprucei is similar but the leaves are nearly dull and the pale drupes are well exserted. Possibly these are distinct species but they may be variants, their apparent differences being due, at least in part, to the degree of maturity. My No. 5798 was a slender tree 7 meters high with a bushy top. An infusion of the leaves in alcohol is used as a remedy for rheuma- tism (Weberbauer). The odor is that of bergamot (Raimondi) Neg. 7830. San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,200 meters, King 3273, 3746. Tara- poto, Spruce 4436 (H. Sprucei Solms!). Tarapoto, Spruce 4311. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7006, 7500. Junin: Chancha- mayo Valley, Schunke 421, 481, 524, 525. La Merced, 1,400 meters, 5798. Pichis Trail, 1,500-1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 25956. Loreto : Pumayacu, 600-1,200 meters, Klug 31 75. Cerro de Escalera, Ule 6583. Without locality: Mathews 1994. Huanuco: Haenke 260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII (det. Pilger). Monzon, Weberbauer 3549; 256. Rio Posuso, 1,800 meters, Weberbauer 6738 (det. Mansfeld). Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det. Krause). Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 1112 (det. Krause); 278. Ayacucho: Near Quillomito, 1,500 meters, Weber- bauer 7544- Bolivia. "Anis," "supinum," "carpales," "asar guiru." Hedyosmum scabrum (R. & P.) Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 480. 1869. Tafalla scabra R. & P. Syst. 270. 1798. H. latifolium Cordem. Adansonia 3: 308. 1863. Petioles 1-2 cm. long or longer; leaves elliptic-ovate, shortly obtuse-pointed, 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, coarsely callous-serrate, glabrous above, definitely scabrous and more or less hirsutulous beneath ; aments and cymules in pairs, sessile, both in fruit to 10 mm. long. Var. Pavonii Solms (Neg. 8535) has glabrous, acuminate leaves 3-4 cm. wide and shorter cymules. H. Mandoni Solms of Bolivia is to be expected. Its narrower leaves are densely and sharply callous-dentate. Neg. 7828. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Raimondi (det. Krause). Cajamarca: Cutervo, Jelski 101; Raimondi. Chugur, Weberbauer 4070, 4075 (det. Krause); 259, 260. Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Weberbauer 5894, 5893. Huanuco: Chinchao (River o). Muna and Pati, Pavon. Mufia, 1,950 meters, 4111. "Aytacupi." Colombia. Doubtful Species Hedyosmum angustifolium (R. & P.) Solms and H. laciniatum (R. & P.) Solms, DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 485. 1869 (under Tafalla R. & P. Syst. 272. 1798) are essentially nomina nuda; no specimens have been found. Probably both are referable to H. racemosum. 42. SALICACEAE. Willow Family Cultivated members of the family include, according to Herrera, Populus tremula L. as "alamo chileno" or "alamo temblon," for ornament or for the making of charcoal, and Salix babylonica L., the weeping willow, "sauce lloron," which, according to him, "has acclimated itself well in canyons of the Department of Cuzco, where it is used for decorations at funerals and religious fetes." S. chilensis develops into a stately tree in Cuzco and Apurimac (Weberbauer). 1. SALIX L. Willow Apparently only two willows are native in Peru. Salix chilensis Molina, Sagg. Nat. Chil. 169. 1782. S. Hum- boldtiana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 657. 1805. FLORA OF PERU 261 Becoming a tree 10 meters tall or higher: leaves linear, acuminate, serrulate; stipules deciduous; catkins appearing with the leaves, the woolly bracts deciduous; capsules ovate, glabrous, the glabrous pedicels longer than the gland. Ascending to more than 3,000 meters, cultivated only (Weberbauer 85). Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 71. Cuzco: Particularly in the provinces of Urubamba, Calca, and Quispicanchi (Herrera). Huasao, 3,200 meters, Herrera 3023. Arequipa: Region of Mt. Misti (Weberbauer 128, 129). Ancash: Puccha Valley (Weberbauer 173). Huaraz (Weberbauer 172). Junin: Tarma (Weberbauer 177). Cajamarca: Ocros (Weberbauer 162). Maranon Valley (Weberbauer 174; 190). Amazonas: Utcu- bamba (Weberbauer 192). Lima: Barranco (Weberbauer 148). San Lorenzo Island near Callao, in 1852, Andersson. Huara, Ruiz & Pawn; Dombey. Piura: (Weberbauer 150). Huanuco, 2,100 meters, 3232. Argentina and Chile to Texas and the West Indies. "Sauce." Salix Martiana Leybold in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 227. pi. 72. 1885. Similar to S. chilensis but the catkins looser, the scales of the staminate linear-lanceolate and entire instead of ovate, the capsules oblong, and the pedicels villous. "Much less common on the Rio Ucayali than on the Amazon; found only on the main stream and some of the chief tributaries. Nevertheless I found a few isolated examples in the great canyon of the Cerro de Canchahuaya" (Huber). This is probably the species reported by Ule, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 121-123, as S. Humboldtiana. Loreto: Quebrada Grande del Cerro de Canchahuaya (Huber 1 328, 1 564) Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 2075; a tree of 5 meters. Fortaleza, 200 meters, Williams 4447. Lower Rio Nanay, river banks, Williams 460. Brazil. "Paharbubu." 43. MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family Reference: Chevallier, Me"m. Soc. Sci. Nat. Math. Cherbourg 32: 85-340. 1901. The pungent aroma that the resinous-glandular leaves or at least the berry-like, crowded fruits yield on slight pressure is a well-known character of this family, which is represented best in the northern hemisphere. The fragrant, whitish wax covering the fruits of certain northern species is sometimes largely replaced by or mixed with pubescence in the Peruvian species. 262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 1. MYRICA L. Nothing about these ament-bearing shrubs serves to distinguish them more readily, even at first glance, from other Peruvian amentif- erous plants than the extraordinarily crowded and numerous leaves. Leaves nearly oblong, about 1 cm. wide; plants dioecious. M. Pavonis. Leaves lance-obovate, about 2 cm. wide; plants monoecious. M. pubescens. Myrica Pavonis C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 151. 1864; 287. M. Pavonis var. glandulosa Chev. op. cit. 288. A slenderly branched shrub or small tree, the youngest parts canescent-pilose or puberulent; leaves scarcely narrowed to the obtuse tip, 5-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, short-attenuate to the slender petiole, more or less denticulate, resinous-glandular beneath; aments 1 cm. long; flower bracts ovate, acute, pubescent-margined, shorter than the flowers. The type was from Guayaquil, by Ruiz and Pavon, who assigned an unpublished specific name referring to the Salix-like leaves, which simulate those of the common South Ameri- can willow. Neg. 8538. Lima: Canta (Simm 88), Cuzco: Pillahuata, 2,400 meters, Pennell 14026, Moquehua: Above Moquehua, 3,200 meters, Weber- bauer 7391, 7390 (det. Markgraf). "Huacan timbu." Myrica pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 746. 1806; 289. Robustly branched, the virgate branchlets and leaves more or less permanently pilose (rarely glabrous or glabrate), the latter resinous beneath; leaves 7-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, coarsely and sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or acuminate; aments often 3-6 cm. long; bracts awl-shaped, acuminate, pilose, exceeding the flowers; fruits nearly 5 mm. thick, wax-covered, tomentose (var. tomentosa Chev.) or glabrous (var. glabra Chev.). Var. glandulosa Chev. is glabrous or nearly so, but the young fruits are tomentose, becoming waxy. The young fruits of my No. 3484 were citrous- aromatic. "When one takes a bit of the pulverized bark of this shrub in place of tobacco, one sneezes 10 or 12 times; the powder does not irritate or damage the nose, and after cleaning with the handker- chief the sting and the sneezing cease; experiment has shown that this cleans out the head and relieves migraine" (Ruiz & Pavon). Weberbauer determinations by Markgraf. Illustrated, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 15: pi. 4 (as "tinctoria"). Negs. 11553, 25097. FLORA OF PERU 263 Cajamarca: Huambos, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 4160, 4187; 260 (under an unpublished name). Libertad: Chicama, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 6986 (var. tomentosa}. Ancash: Huaraz, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer 3245 (var. glandulosa) . Tallenga, Prov. Cajatambo, 3,600 meters, Weberbauer 2890 (var. glandulosa); 179 (under an unpublished name). Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500 meters, Weber- bauer 2192; Killip & Smith 24519 (3-5 meters high). Huanuco: Cani, near Mito, dense shrub or tree of grassy slopes, 2,550 meters, 3484 (det. Killip as a glabrate form). Lima: Canta (Rivero; var. tomentosa). Ayacucho: Between Tambo and Rio Apurimac, 2,900 meters, Weberbauer 5587. Cuzco: Urubamba, 1,800 meters, Weber- bauer 5057; 245 (det. Schellenberg). Marcapata, 3,200 meters, Weber- bauer 7784- Convencion, Weberbauer 5057 (fruits white- waxy). Peru to Venezuela and Costa Rica. "Laurel," "tuppassaire," "ssaire." 44. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family Only the black walnut or "nogal" represents this economically important family in Peru. 1. JUGLANS L. Walnut Reference: Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 165-215. 1909. Georges H. Barrel, Trop. Woods 10: 51-53, has given an account of his personal observation of "nogal" in Peru. He noted it as rather common on the upper reaches of the Rio Ucayali, along the Pichis Trail and in the Chanchamayo Valley, as the following cita- tions bear witness. He found that the native people recognized a "nogal bianco" and a "nogal negro." Weberbauer and later Williams recorded it from the Department of Amazonas, the former giving its altitudinal range in the valleys of the north as 1,600-2,000 meters, and on the eastern slopes in the rain forest as between 800 and 1,000 meters. Herrera has recorded it from Cuzco. Barrel found the individual trees rarely clustered, often scattered, which in spite of their great timber value (the wood is highly prized for fine construc- tion) makes their lumbering expensive. Botanists have reported the tree as "plentiful" near Chachapoyas, but probably not from a lumberman's standpoint. Apparently the tree usually branches at 3-5 meters though trees have been reported to 30 meters high that branched at 10 meters with a trunk 1 meter in diameter below. Walnut is valued locally not only for its wood but also for a dye made from a decoction of the bark, leaves, and fruit. According to He- rrera, Juglans regia L., the English walnut, is cultivated in Cuzco, 264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII the nuts being known as "nueces de Chile." The "nogal de la tierra" identified by Ruiz and Pa von as J. nigra L., cultivated at Chancai for its timber and nuts, has been determined by Markgraf as J. neotropica Diels. Williams, Trop. Woods 27: 16-17, has added his observations to those of Barrel and Weberbauer, upon which I have drawn in part. I have not seen Dode's types, and separate the Peruvian material studied on the basis of the following key with great misgiving, feeling that the differences noted represent only individual variations or races. The problem can be solved only by abundant flowering and fruiting material from marked trees, since examination of the types alone cannot prove much. Practically, there is one acceptable name for the walnut of Peru (sens, lat.), Juglans neotropica Diels. The other names and descriptions are given for reference conven- ience, as the opportunity for further study of the problem may present itself. Bractlet (staminate) 3-3.5 mm. long, borne under the perianth; leaves (at least at flowering time) densely pilose beneath; stigmas fleshy, short; young fruits densely pubescent; fruit cells 6-8 J. neotropica. Bractlet reduced to a woolly tuft on the pedicel ; leaves at flowering time densely pubescent, especially beneath; stigmas slender; young fruits densely pubescent; lateral fruit cells 4 . . . J. Honorei. Bractlet minute, at the base of the receptacle; leaves soon glabrous or nearly so, the youngest minutely granular-puberulent; stigmas slender; young fruits sparsely pubescent; fruit cells 6-8. J. peruviana. Juglans Honorei Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 205. 1909. Leaflets 6-15 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, unequally rotund-sub- cordate at the base, more or less abruptly acuminate, regularly serrate, scabrous-pubescent on both sides, the rough, branched hairs more numerous beneath (in youth densely velvety beneath); stami- nate aments to 20 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide; perianth 6-8-lobed, with a 2-lobed involucre; anthers 60-70, pubescent at the tip; bractlet reduced to a rusty tuft of wool at about the middle of the pedicel; pistillate flowers 5-8; stigmatic branches slender; fruit subglobose- subconic, 4-5 cm. long, densely villous; nut rather remotely and obtusely rugose-costate, depressed at the base, subconic, scarcely compressed, to 3.5 cm. high. A tree of 25 meters or taller. The native name of "tocte" is recorded by Spruce. In Peru known only FLORA OF PERU 265 from cultivation, but the cultivated specimen by Pavon in Herb. Madrid is determined by Markgraf as J. neotropica and, though sterile, probably is; the leaves are not truly scabrous but densely pubescent, especially on the veins beneath. Fruit illustrated, Dode, op. cit. pi. opp. p. 178, from nuts supplied by M. Honore" of Lima; leaves in plate on p. 169. Lima: Cultivated (Pavon). Ecuador; Colombia. Juglans neotropica Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 398. 1906. A tree to 30 meters high, the stout young branchlets, especially at tip, and the leaf rachis at flowering time conspicuously rusty- pubescent; leaflets 7-8 pairs (-14 according to Dode), at first above sparsely, beneath densely velvety-pubescent, the largest middle leaflets about 12 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate, minutely and evenly serrate; staminate aments 20-25 cm. long, the flowers partly remote, partly approximate; bractlets 2-3.5 mm. long, yellowish-brown-pilose; anthers apically pubescent; pistillate flowers 3-10; calyx urceolate, rusty- tomentose, 18 mm. long, 6-7 mm. broad, the narrow, reflexed teeth unequal, the larger 5 mm., the smaller 2 mm. long; perianth segments 4, reflexed, irregularly den- tate, 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; stigmatic branches broadly lingu- late, densely papillose, 8-9 mm. long, 4 mm. broad. Dode associates somewhat doubtfully with this species nuts collected by Ruiz and Pavon at Huanuco and figures them, op. cit. opposite p. 180. They are ovoid, about 4 cm. high, 3.5 cm. thick, moderately rugose, pointed, at base rounded, with 8 subelliptic cells. The Raimondi specimen is much less pubescent than the type. See also J. peruviana. Illus- trated, Weberbauer, pi. 13 opposite p. 199. Neg. 18254. Amazonas: Moyabamba, 2,700-3,300 meters, Williams 7606. Chachapoyas, 2,700 meters, Williams 7563. Utcubamba, near Chachapoyas, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 4304, type. Lima: Culti- vated at Lima and Chancai, Ruiz & Pavon (det. Markgraf); "nueces de la Trexna," "nogal." Cajamarca: Chirinos, Raimondi (det. Markgraf). Huanuco: Posuso, 900 meters, Weberbauer 6753. Ayacucho: Rio Perene", 900 meters, Weberbauer 5632 (det. Nagel). Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Santa Ana and Marcapata (Herrera). "Nogal." Juglans peruviana Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 208. 1909. Separated by the author from J. Honorei by the larger fruits, these globose-subconic, at least 5.5 cm. thick, and especially by the more numerous fruit cells, these 6-8 and occupying a very large 266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII space, particularly the basal ones; other characters given in the above key are taken from Weberbauer 6753, with no ripe fruits. This collector's 5632 may be the same. In view of the known variation in walnut fruits, J. peruviana is probably only a form of J. Honor ei, as Dode suggests; in this case the aberrant Weber- bauer material is to be taken merely as showing the range of variation in the unit J. neotropica, which compare for citation of above col- lections. Very similar is J. boliviano, (C. DC.) Dode (J. nigra L. var. C. DC.), the strongly ribbed nuts to 6 cm. high and the leaflets of the large leaves acuminate and unequal at base. Lima: Apparently collected by M. Honor (type). 45. JULIANIACEAE. Juliania Family One of the two genera that constitute this interesting family, a group placed by Hemsley between the Juglandales and the Fagales, is exclusively Peruvian. In foliage, in the presence of resin, in the exalbuminous seed, and anatomically it resembles the Anacardia- ceae, but its resemblances with the Juglandaceae may be more fundamental, as for example the dissimilarity of the staminate and pistillate flowers. Rendle in his Classification of Flowering Plants follows Hemsley, but some botanists, as Standley in his Trees and Shrubs of Mexico, place it next to the Anacardiaceae. 1. ORTHOPTERYGIUM Hemsl. Reference: Hemsley, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B. 199: 169-197. 1907. A shrub or small tree with dioecious flowers borne rather densely at the tips of the stout branchlets before or with the leaves. Leaves unequally pinnate. Fruit a samara, consisting of the persistent involucre borne on the solitary, wing-like stalk of the inflorescence, the wing straight and equal-sided. Asa Gray aptly likens the fruit to that of the ash (Fraxinus) inverted. Orthopterygium Huaucui (Gray) Hemsl. op. cit. 190. Juliania Huaucui Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1: 371. 1854. Leaves at first tomentose, becoming glabrate above, usually 7-foliolate; petioles several cm. long; leaflets crenulate, oblongish, about 1 cm. long; samaras pendulous, 11 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide. The species name records incorrectly the vernacular name. Seldom seen without leaves, and always black as if burned or blasted (MacLean). The Weberbauer collections determined by Schellen- berg. Illustrated, Hemsley, op. cit. pi. 24- FLORA OF PERU 267 Lima: Covering the sides of the base of the Cuesta de Purru- chuca, Prov. Canta, in 1831 (Mathews 591, type); (MacLean, presumably the type locality). Yanga (Wilkes Exped.). Chosica, 1,600-1,900 meters, Weberbauer 5362, 5719, 5721, 5681, 5681 a; at 900 meters, rocky hillside, 2866. Rio de Lomas, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 5741- lea: Above Pisco, Huauyanga-Pampano, Weber- bauer 5371, 5372, 5373. Ayacucho: Coracora, 2,800 meters, Weber- bauer 5818. "Huancui," "huanarpu." 46. BETULACEAE. Birch Family Reference: Winkler, Pflanzenreich IV. 61. 1904. 1. ALNUS L. Alder The alder is one of the most important trees of the Peruvian Andes because it ascends to altitudes (3,500-3,800 meters, according to Weberbauer) where it is especially valuable for fuel and for small construction. It is sometimes planted. Herrera has recorded some form (erroneously as A. acuminata HBK.) as "cultivated in great abundance in all the quebradas of the Department of Cuzco, its wood greatly valued for all construction purposes." Ruiz and Pavon found Betula alba L. cultivated about the convent at Huerta de Ocopa near Tarma, one example having nine very tall trunks. Weberbauer has reproduced a good photograph of the Peruvian alder, showing it in a typical situation Pflanzenw. Peru. Anden, opposite p. 295. Alnus jorullensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 20. 1817; 126. Typically Mexican, var. typica Regel having elliptic-oblong leaves 5-10 cm. long and 2.5-5 cm. wide, pale rusty-pubescent be- neath, this variable species is represented in Peru by several varia- tions, two of which are well marked: var. castaneifolia (Mirb.) Regel (castaneaefolia) with glabrous (or pubescent in the nerve axils), ovate-lanceolate leaves 8-10 cm. long and 1.5-3 cm. wide, or larger on the sterile shoots; and var. ferruginea (HBK.) Kuntze, with ovate leaves 10 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, or twice as large on young branches, these and the prominent leaf nerves beneath rusty-pilose. Scarcely distinguishable from the last are vars. Mirbelii (Spach) Winkl. and acutissima Winkl., the former with coarsely serrate leaves, glaucous and pale rusty-pubescent beneath, the latter with ovate, acutely acuminate, denticulate leaves having the 13-18 nerves impressed above but prominent and pilose beneath. 268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Ruiz and Pavon collected the tree at Pillao and Chacahuasi, noting that an infusion of the inner bark tans leather and dyes cotton and wool a cinnamon-brown; the leaves crushed with butter cicatrize wounds and without fat protect against inflammation; applied to recent wounds the leaves stop bleeding. Illustrated, Me"m. Mus. Paris 14: 463. pi. 21, 22; vars. castaneifolia and Mirbelii, Sargent, Sylva N. Amer. 9: pi. 457. Neg. 11652. Cajamarca: Huaraz, 2,200 meters (Weberbauer 172, 179). Ancash : Caracha, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 2650; 162, 168. Samanco (Weberbauer 171). Amazonas: Utcubamba (Weberbauer 192). Huanuco: Fifteen miles southeast of Huanuco, 2083. Huanuco, Kanehira 34- Mito, 2,700 meters, 1527, 1907. Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon (var. castaneifolia, det. Mildbraed). Chancai, Huanuco, and Cochero, Ruiz & Pavon (var. ferruginea, det. Mildbraed). Huanuco Valley, Poeppig (var. acutissima'} . Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, 561; Weberbauer 182 (var. acutissima). Junin: Tarma, Esposto; at 3,600 meters (Weberbauer 177, 183); at 2,100 meters, 1021. Huancayo, Esposto. Carpapata, edge of forest, 2,700-3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 24480; a tree of 4.5-7.5 meters. Ocopa, 3,300 meters, Killip & Smith 22008; a tree of 6-12 meters, by roadside. Cuzco: Rio Apurimac, 2,800 meters, Weberbauer 5892 (det. Schellenberg). Uru- bamba, 2,800 meters (Weberbauer 174, 182, 243). Prov. Quispi- canchi, 3,200 meters, Herrera 650 (var. acutissima, det. Mansfeld). Calca, Valle del Urubamba, 3,000 meters, Herrera 2092. Libertad : Valley of Rio Mixiollo, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 7040. Puno: Sandia, 3,200 meters (Weberbauer 184). Tabina, Lechler 1891 (var. Mirbelii, fide Winkler). Without locality, Weberbauer 7040. Argentina and Bolivia to Mexico. "Aliso," "ramram," "lambran." 47. ULMACEAE. Elm Family By Charles Baehni The Peruvian plants of this family all belong to the Celtideae, a group in which the fruit is a drupe containing a curved embryo, a character not found in the rest of the family. Stamens as many as the perianth segments. Leaves alternate. Stamens deciduous, included in the minute flowers; leaves precocious. Staminate flower segments induplicate-valvate, the pistillate deciduous.. . .1. Trema. FLORA OF PERU 269 Staminate flower segments imbricate, the pistillate persistent. 2. Celtis. Stamens persistent; leaves appearing after the flowers. 3. Plagioceltis. Leaves opposite 4. Lozanella. Stamens twice as many as the perianth segments 5. Ampelocera. 1. TREMA Lour. Sponia Comm. ex Lam. Encycl. 4: 139. 1797. Scarcely distinct from Celtis, the flowers sometimes perfect and with somewhat imbricate segments. Perianth persisting around the drupe. Species poorly understood or very variable in pubes- cence and size and discoloration of leaves; cf. Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 203, under Sponia. Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 58. 1853. Rhamnus micranthus L. Syst. ed. 10. 937. 1759. Celtis micranthus Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Sponia micrantha Dene. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 498. 1834. C. Lima Sw. loc. cit., non Lam. C. canescens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 28. 1817. C. canescens Dene. op. cit. C. macrophylla HBK. op. cit. 30. S. macrophylla Dene. op. cit. T. canescens Blume, op. cit. S. peruviana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 536. 1847. S. Chichilea Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 334. 1849 (not 1848 as usually cited). T. Chichilea Blume, op. cit. An unarmed tree, usually a few meters tall; trunk sometimes 20-40 cm. in diameter; leaves usually lanceolate, acuminate, minutely serrulate, 3-nerved, more or less scabrous above, merely scabrous or glabrate to densely and softly pilose beneath, about 10 cm. long; flowers greenish white, red to fiery red (Weberbauer). The above synonymy is partial, applying to Peruvian specimens cited or found in herbaria. Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 1 : 39. Negs. 25569 (T. Chichilea), 11238 (T. canescens). Cuzco: Santa Ana, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 5038. Rio Pachaca, 1,100 meters, Weberbauer 5887. Machupicchu, 2,200 meters, Herrera 3240. Huanuco: Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3433. Casapi, Mathews 2038. Cochero, Poeppig 155, 1247. Pampayacu, Kane- hira192. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 5132. Lima(?): Quebrada de Pariahuanca (Mathews 829, var. of canescens ace. to Planchon). San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4242. Near Moyobamba, 1,110 meters, Klug 3261 (det. Standley). Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6446. Cumbasa, Williams 5765. San Roque, Williams 7376. 270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Loreto: Florida: Rio Putumayo, 180 meters, King 2144 (det. Standley). Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 5006. Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4431. Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3227 (glabrate), 3227a (pilose). Rio Nanay, Williams 368, 366. Rio Santiago, 200 meters, Mexia 6308, 6238. La Victoria, Williams 3088, 2591 . For- taleza, 200 meters, Williams 4225. Rio Masana, Williams 194, 80. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27860; Williams 5152. Pebas, Williams 1759. Pinto-cocha, Williams 811. Soledad, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29778. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1314. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27387. Punchana, Williams 3755. Junin: Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25021. Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 201. Above San Ramon, 1,400-1,700 meters, Killip & Smith 24621. La Merced, 600 meters, 5229. Without locality; Ruiz & Pavon (type of T. Chichilea); Dombey; Pavdn. Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America. "Aisegerina" (Huitoto name), "atadijo," "y ana - cas pi-" 2. CELTIS L. References: Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 309, 1849; Miquel in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,pt. 1: 173. 1853; Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 186. 1873; Baehni, Candollea 7: 189. 1936. Trees, shrubs, or lianas, usually armed with small, inconspicuous flowers in axillary clusters or cymes. Perianth 4-5-lobed, deciduous. Stigma divided into 2 branches to the base, sometimes each branch again 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe. The number of described species is rather high. It seems, however, that they all belong to a few well defined groups which are considered here as species. Ruiz and Pavon record the name "chichillica" for an unindentified species from Muna, the bark of which was used for coarse basketry and for cords. This reference may well refer to Trema micrantha. Adult leaves (except on the nerves) glabrous or practically so. Fruit large (6-12 mm. in diam.); young leaves sericeous. C. triflora. Fruit small (4-6 mm. in diam.) ; young leaves pilose C. iguanea. Adult leaves pubescent. Inflorescence well developed (3 cm. long or more) C. dichotoma. Inflorescence short or glomerulous C. pubescens. Celtis dichotoma (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 182. 1853. Momisia dichotoma Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 539. 1847. C. Pavonii Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 313. 1849. FLORA OF PERU 271 Branchlets, petioles, and young leaves beneath densely covered with an indument of golden yellowish (sometimes rusty) hairs; spines wanting or very short; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, cordate, entire or coarsely dentate toward the apex, glabrate in age beneath; staminate inflorescences many-flowered, many times longer than the petioles. Fruits large, globose, glabrous, yellow and sweet, and (according to Ruiz and Pavon) eaten by the Indians. Negs. 11739, 25566 (C. Pavonii). Huanuco: Chacahuasi, Posuso, etc., Ruiz & Pavon. Celtis iguanea (Jacq.) Sarg. Silva 7: 64. 1895. Rhamnus iguaneus Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 16. 1760. C. aculeatus Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Mertensia laevigata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 31. 1817. A small tree, a shrub, or a liana, glabrous or essentially so except for some evanescent pubescence on the young branchlets and leaves beneath, usually armed, the spines well developed, geminate; leaves ovate or oval-elliptic, entire or remotely serrate toward the tip, the young ones pilose, glabrous in age; cymes short, rarely two or three times longer than the petioles; fruit small, 4-6 mm. in diameter. Illustrated, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: pi. 103. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4236. Alto Rio Huallaga, Williams 6756. Near Moyobamba, King 3303. Tarapoto, Williams 6666. Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6846. Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6357. Rumizapa, Williams 6784- Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3428. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1435. Paraiso, 145 meters, Williams 3365. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 24079. Piura: Serran, Weberbauer 6000. Tumbez : Between Ricaplaya and Casa Blanqueada, Weberbauer 7741- A species widely distributed in South and Central America, West Indies, and north to Mexico and Florida. "Palo bianco," "meloncito bianco." Geltis pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl.) Spreng. Syst. 1: 931. 1825. Mertensia pubescens Humb. & JBonpl. in Schult. Syst. 6: 312. 1820. Mertensia brasiliensis Gardn. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2: 339. 1843. Momisia brevifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 538. 1847. C. boliviensis Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 310. 1849. C. velutina Planch, op. cit. 313. Momisia flexuosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 194. 1852. M. crenata Wedd. op. cit. 195. A tree, a shrub, or a liana, with flexuous branchlets, the young twigs puberulous or velvety, armed with straight or slightly curved, paired spines; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate, cordate or rounded at the base, entire or serrate toward the tip, the 272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII young ones often with golden hairs, in age glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath; cymes short, not much longer than the petioles; fruit small, glabrescent, rough when dry. The synonymy above is partial, applying to Peruvian specimens only. Negs. 29617 (crenata), 29664 (pubescens). Junin: Huancayo, Raimondi 9177. Between Sandia and Chun- chusmayo, Azalaya, Weberbauer 1126. Chanchamayo, Isern 2322. La Merced, 600 meters, 5438, 5280; Killip & Smith 24042, 23406. San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6871. Rio Acre: Ule 9334. Lima(?): Quebrada de Pariahuanca, Mathews 826. Huan- cavelica: On the Montaro, upstream from Colcabamba, Weberbauer 6437. Cajamarca: Prov. Contumaza, Cascas, Raimondi 7973. Tropical South America, widely distributed. Celtis triflora (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 181. 1853. Momisia triflora Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 537. 1847. C. glycy- carpa Mart, ex Miq. op. cit. 174. Branches and branchlets glabrous or evanescently pilose, brown- ish, the stout spines mostly solitary, slightly curved ; leaves ovate or oblong-elliptic, acuminate, subcordate or cordate, entire or serrate toward the tip, asperous above, glabrescent beneath; fruit large, globose, smooth. A tree, up to 12 meters high. Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Pongo de Manseriche, Tessmann 4274- Bolivia; Brazil; Venezuela. 3. PLAGIOCELTIS Mildbr., gen. nov. A stoutly branched shrub with light yellowish brown bark. Leaves appearing with the flowers, or immediately after. Racemes terminal or nodal on the leafless branches of the preceding year. Plagioceltis dichotoma Mildbr. in Herb. Madrid, sp. nov. Frutex racemis atque ramulis novellis exceptis glaber; folia juvenilia 5 mm. longe petiolata tenuia subelliptica remotissime dentata acuta basi attenuata ad 7 cm. longa et ultra; racemi saepe 1-ramosi, bracteolis subrotundis; flores circa 2 mm. longi, sepalis rotundatis, staminibus persistentibus; ovarium pilosum, stylo staminibus longiore. Glabrous except for the evanescently puberulent growing branch- lets and racemes, the latter often once branched, 1-1.5 cm. long; petioles 5 mm. long; leaves (young) thin, very remotely toothed, subelliptic, attenuate at the base, acute, to 7 cm. long or longer; FLORA OF PERU 273 bractlets roundish; flowers about 2 mm. long, the pilose ovary soon exserted with the conspicuous style from the persistent stamens and roundish petals. Description from type in Herb. Madrid. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. 4. LOZANELLA Greenm. Unarmed trees or shrubs with opposite, serrate leaves and dioe- cious inflorescences; fruit a small drupe containing a curved embryo with oblong-rotund, scarcely curved cotyledons. The two species of this genus are readily distinguished from all other members of the Ulmaceae on account of their opposite leaves. Adult leaves not densely pubescent beneath; pistillate inflorescence conspicuously branched L. enantiophylla. Adult leaves densely pubescent beneath ; pistillate inflorescence with short lateral branches L. permollis. Lozanella enantiophylla (Bonn. Smith) Killip & Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 14: 339. 1931. Trema enantiophylla Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 33: 339. 1902. L. trematoides Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 41:236. 1905. A small tree, 3-7 meters high, or a shrub, with long-petioled, ovate to oblong-ovate, leaves, united, deciduous stipules, and open, much branched cymes. Libertad: Prov. Pataz, Rio Mishiolla Valley, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 7049. Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia. Lozanella permollis Killip & Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21:338. 1931. A tree up to 8 meters high, the young branchlets covered with densely matted hairs; leaves oblique at the base, elliptic, densely covered on the veins beneath with long, appressed hairs; fruit a small drupe, the styles persistent. Cuzco: Lucumayo Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1376. This species has been collected several times in Bolivia. 5. AMPELOCERA Klotzsch Reference: Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 542. 1847. An unarmed shrub with remotely serrate, pinnately nerved leaves. Flowers articulate, in axillary racemes, mostly geminate, corymbose, polygamous, perfect, or staminate by the abortion of the ovary. Filaments filiform, exserted. Ovary ovate, the stigma 274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII deeply 2-parted, the subulate branches divaricate; ovule pendulous, the micropyle superior. Seed arcuate. The following species is the type of the genus, to which Grisebach added a Cuban species, with some doubt accepted by Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 109. Both Bentham and Hooker in Genera plantarum and Engler in Pflanzen- familien have questioned the disposition of the genus in this family, from which Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 152 definitely excludes it. However, so far as I know, no one has yet placed it elsewhere, and Kuhlmann, Arch. Jard. Rio Janeiro, has described two Brazilian species which seem to establish it. It may not be Peruvian. The genus is placed in Ulmaceae on anatomical grounds by Priemer (?), Bot. Jahrb. 17: 466. 1893. The specimen he saw presumably was the original from the Lambert Herbarium, but no specimen has been found by me in Madrid material, Delessert Herb., or Berlin. Ampelocera Ruizii Klotzsch, loc. cit. Branches robust, squarrose, the branchlets slender, erect, evanes- cently pubescent; leaves short-petioled, oblong or obovate, attenu- ate at both ends, glabrous above, glabrate beneath, 5-9 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide; stipules very thin, 2 mm. wide, 6 mm. long; racemes 2.5 cm. long, evanescently pubescent; perianth divisions obovate, dentate, persistent; style white-tomentose. Without locality: (Ruiz & Paron). 48. MORACEAE. Mulberry Family A family of great economic importance, especially in Central America, where one member, Castillo,, is a source of rubber. In Peru several trees are, at least potentially, of value for their timber, notably the tupag or guariuba (Clarisia) with fine-grained, yellowish wood and the aita (several species of Brosimum), the wood white, on exposure reddish brown. Most of the trees exude a milky latex more or less elastic when dried, and discoloring. It has often some local use in medicine or otherwise. At least two trees of the family are in cultivation: the mulberry (Morns') in the coastal valley, and occasionally the breadfruit, arbol de pan (Artocarpus incisa), as for example at La Merced. The taxonomy of the family is in need of revision. Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 4: 6-8. 1925, and in previous and sub- sequent volumes of the same publication, has given discriminating diagnoses and helpful observations on which I have freely drawn. In Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 29. 1935, he indicates that he considers FLORA OF PERU 275 as excessive the number of genera in the Olmedieae. In the following synopsis of Peruvian forms the present day grouping is followed for convenience but not in approval, for it results in wide separation of similar trees and is absurdly impractical, especially in an economi- cally important family. To facilitate determination and especially to make clear the dovetailing of characters, the key for genera having completely staminate or completely pistillate receptacles is divided, one part being exclusively for staminate inflorescences, the other for the pistillate, much herbarium material showing only one sort. At the end of the general key is one keying all these genera as though they pertained to one group. See Field Mus. Bot. 11: 62-63. 1931, and remarks under some generic descriptions regarding possible relationships. Low herbs 1. Dorstenia. Trees or shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Leaves somewhat peltate; flowers spicate 2. Cecropia. Leaves not peltate; flowers cymose 3. Pourouma. Leaves entire, serrate, or lobed but not palmately. Flowers on the inner surface of a hollow receptacle open only at the top of the receptacle, i.e., a fig. . . . 5. Ficus. Flowers not so disposed. Flowers spicate or racemose, at least one sort. Staminate flowers spicate, the spikes dense; pistillate capi- tate or, in Trophis, in short spikes. Trees often spiny; leaves never much longer than 10 cm., often much shorter. Filaments exserted; pistillate flowers capitate. 8. Chlorophora. Filaments included or barely exserted; pistillate flowers spicate 6. Trophis, Trees unarmed, the leaves ample, often 20 cm. long or longer; pistillate flowers capitate. 11. Anonocarpus. Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments, or the latter rarely capitulate but few, or even solitary (Clarisia). Staminate perianth present; leaves often somewhat toothed. Filaments not inflexed; aments lax; pistillate perianth tubular or ovoid . . . . 9. Sorocea. 276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Filaments in bud inflexed; aments dense, at least the pistillate, these fleshy in fruit. Pistillate perianth tubular, accrescent; staminate segments valvate; leaves usually entire. 6. Trophis. Pistillate perianth segments distinct, the staminate imbricate; fruit juicy; leaves serrate. .7. Moras. Staminate perianth absent; leaves strictly entire. 10. Clarisia. Flowers not in aments (cf. also Clarisia, sometimes, and Chlorophora as to pistillate flowers). Petioles mostly under 1 cm. long or if some to about 1.5 cm., these in the minority; ovules pendulous. Receptacles head-like, composed of many stamens and 1-4 pistils, these deeply inserted. Stamens exserted, crowded at throat of the receptacle about the exserted style 20. Trymatococcus. Stamens separated in all the receptacles by peltate bracts 12. Brosimum. Receptacles often capitate but completely staminate or pistillate. Pistillate receptacles (see below for key to staminate). Receptacle 1-flowered; styles filiform (cf. Olmedi- operebea under Pseudolmedia). Ovary inferior, fixed to the perianth. 17. Pseudolmedia. Ovary superior, free in the perianth . . 18. Olmedia. Receptacle many-flowered; styles thick to filiform (cf. Olmedioperebea) . Styles thick, short, the stigma compressed or capitate-cushion-like. Perianth truncate, compressed, in aggregate forming an Anona-like fruit. 11. Anonocarpus. Perianth 4-toothed, the fruit fleshy, but scarcely Anona-like (here also Olmedioperebea) . 14. Perebea. Styles or at least stigmas slender or filiform. FLORA OF PERU 277 Perianth lacking; bracteoles peltate (probably in Peru) Brosimopsis. Perianth present, sometimes pseudobracteolate. Perianth segments divided to the base, the parts thus bracteole- or scale-like in the receptacle 13. Ogcodeia. Perianth merely lobed or parted. Perianth segments imbricate; receptacles and young parts of plant reddish- tomentose 19. Helicostylis. Perianth segments various; pubescence, if present, not characteristically reddish- tomentose. Perianth 4-lobed, the lobes not perfor- ated; bracts all small. .15. Castillo,. Perianth segments perforated; inner bracts elongate 16. Noyera. Staminate receptacles. Perianth absent but the bracteoles may form a pseudoperianth . Bracts seriate, the inner not elongate; leaves hirsute above or beneath 15. Castillo,. Bracts toward the interior often longer than the outer; leaves often smooth or, if hirsutulous, only sparsely. Bracteoles obvious, spatulate or peltate. 17. Pseudolmedia. Bracteoles (or divided perianths) scalelike; see Naucleopsis mentioned under 13. Ogcodeia. Perianth present (deeply parted perianths may simulate bracteoles). Stamens interspersed with peltate bracteoles. Brosimopsis. Stamens and bracteoles not so intermixed, the latter, if not wanting, not peltate. Bracts all small, the interior little longer than the outer. Plant pubescence reddish brown. 19. Helicostylis. 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Plant pubescence, if present, not at all or not very reddish. Leaves usually scabrous above. 17. Olmedia. Leaves not scabrous above . . 14. Perebea. Bracts unequal, the interior longer than the outer, closely seriate. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; receptacles shortly pediceled or sessile . . 13. Ogcodeia. Leaves harshly hirsute above; receptacles long-pediceled 15. Noyera. Petioles mostly 2 cm. long or longer; ovule erect. Flowers cymose or the staminate capitulate and cymose; stamens 3-4; stigma peltate 3. Pourouma. Flowers globose-capitate, the heads single or cymose; stamens 1-2; stigma penicillate 4. Coussapoa. Aggregate Key to the Species of Genera 13-19, Inclusive Leaves scabrous-puberulent, at least on one side. Leaves scabrous on both sides. Leaves entire; staminate peduncles 5-7 mm. long. 17. Pseudolmedia scabra. Leaves generally undulate-serrate; staminate receptacles sessile or subsessile 18. Olmedia aspera. Leaves scabrous only beneath. Leaves undulate-serrate; staminate receptacle sessile or sub- sessile 18. Olmedia Poeppigiana. Leaves entire; staminate peduncles to 6 mm. long. 14. Perebea Chimiqua. Leaves glabrous to variously pubescent but not scabrous only. Leaves strictly glabrous. Leaves mostly or all narrower than 3 cm. Leaves caudately acuminate; ovary superior. 18. Olmedia angustifolia. Leaves obtusely acuminate; ovary inferior. 17. Pseudolmedia laevigata. Leaves mostly or all 3.5-6 cm. wide or wider. Branchlets spreading-hirsute 17. Pseudolmedia laevis. FLORA OF PERU 279 Branchlets glabrous or puberulent. Petioles to 3 mm. long; leaves somewhat acuminate. 17. Pseudolmedia Mildbraedii. Petioles mostly or all much longer; leaves caudate. Leaves rarely 6.5 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 15-20. Petioles rarely 1 cm. long; nerves beneath rather inconspicuous. Leaves 3-4 cm. wide, cuneate at the base. 13. Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora. Leaves 5-6 cm. wide, rounded at the base. 13. Ogcodeia Tamamuri. Petioles often longer; nerves beneath conspicuous. Leaves rarely 5 cm. wide, the acumen often 2 cm. long 13. Ogcodeia Tessmannii. Leaves often 6-7 cm. wide, the acumen rarely 1.5 cm. long 13. Ogcodeia glabra. Leaves mostly 8-12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 25-30. 13. Ogcodeia Ulei. Leaves more or less pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath. Pubescence, at least on the midnerve beneath, setulose or hirsute. Leaves acute at base or, if subcordate, not at all pseudo- peltate. Petioles 2-5 mm. long. Leaves strongly pubescent on both sides; interior bracts of both sorts of receptacles elongate. 16. Noyera mollis. Leaves glabrous (except Castillo) or finally glabrate above; interior bracts little or not at all longer than the outer. Leaves, unless in age, harshly pubescent above; pistil- late receptacles several-flowered . . 15. Castilla Ulei. Leaves glabrous or glabrate above; pistillate receptacle 1-flowered. Pubescence of plant appressed. 17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla. Pubescence of plant hirtellous, sparse. 17. Pseudolmedia laevis. 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Petioles 8-12 mm. long. Leaves gradually acuminate, 3-5 cm. wide; staminate perianth lacking 17. Pseudolmedia multinervis. Leaves subcaudate-acuminate, 10-20 cm. wide. Leaves not oblique at base; stigmas cushion-like. 14. Perebea australis. Leaves oblique at base; stigmas Ungulate. 14. Perebea Tessmannii. Leaves appearing peltate at the subcordate base. 14. Perebea pseudopeltata. Pubescence merely a puberulence, or a reddish tomentum. Pubescence not a reddish tomentum. Petioles 2-5 mm. long; staminate receptacle yellowish- pubescent, a perianth present. 17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla. Petioles 5-7 mm. long, the receptacles not so pubescent. Leaves about 5 cm. wide .14. Perebea elegans. Leaves about twice as wide 14. Perebea Standleyi. Pubescence a reddish tomentum. . .19. Helicostylis tomentosa. 1. DORSTENIA L. Stemless or subprostrate herbs from thick, tuber-like rootstocks. Receptacles large, rounded or lobed, on long or short peduncles. Plants stemless; receptacles 4-sided. Peduncles and petioles elongate, subequal D. Contrajerva. Peduncles shorter than the short petioles D. tubicina. Plants caulescent, subprostrate; receptacles orbicular . .D. umbricola. Dorstenia Contrajerva L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753. Leaves varying from entire to deeply lobed, ovate to suborbi- cular, glabrous to pubescent, often 10 cm. long; petioles often nearly as long or longer; receptacles green, entire or lobed, borne on slender, erect peduncles usually 10-30 cm. long. Known as "contra- hierba" in Central America, where in some places the thick rootstocks are used to flavor cigarettes (Standley). Illustrated, Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 1067. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6509; Williams 5905. Rumizapa, Williams 6832. Extending to Mexico and the West Indies. FLORA OF PERU 281 Dorstenia tubicina R. & P. Fl. 1: 65. pi. 102. 1798. Leaves cordate-ovate or cordate-oblong, doubly serrate, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; receptacles violet in flower, white in fruit, recurving on peduncles shorter than the short petioles. The fragrant roots are used as "contrahierba." Illustrated, Bot. Mag. pi. 2804, from specimens presumably from Trinidad. Neg. 11614. Huanuco: Chinchao and environs, Ruiz. Argentina. "Carpales." Dorstenia umbricola A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 87. 1931. Leaves green, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, cuneate or truncate at the base, acute, entire or undulate-crenate, glabrous above, sparsely pilose on the nerves beneath, 8-10 cm. long, on slender petioles 5-13 mm. long; peduncles at maturity 2.2 cm. long; receptacles (mature) 1.5 cm. broad, the staminate and pistillate flowers separated. Perhaps a variety of D. argentata Hook, f., with variegated leaves and fleshier receptacles, more definitely tuberculate marginally. Loreto: Soledad on Rio Itaya, Killip & Smith 29639, type. 2. CECROPIA L. Beautiful and common trees of the montana, immediately recog- nizable by their smooth, light-colored trunks and branches supporting open crowns that bear abundantly large or even huge, long-stalked, palmately divided leaves that are usually dark green above and silvery or gray-tomentose beneath. Ruiz and Pavon observed that the handsome leaves follow the course of the sun, the position of the upper surface at night becoming partly reversed. Parts, at least, of the hollow trunks and branches appear to be regularly inhabited by black ants that rush out almost instantly upon the slightest dis- turbance in countless hordes to defend their home. Ruiz and Pavon noted, however, that sometimes the hollow, articulated branches or trunks are filled with clear, perfectly tasteless sap which the Indians, when other water lacked, drank to quench their thirst. The trunks are said to be used for tibias or trumpets in the Amazon region, and the fiber of the bark has been employed in making mats and coarse cloth. The usual common name for the tree in Peru seems to be "tacuna," written also "tacuma" and "tacona," or "setico," but Spruce found "imbauba" used on the Amazon, and Wallace, who observed the Indians using the leaves as a head-dress, recorded the 282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII term as "umbooba." Weberbauer, 275, gives a good photograph of slender Cecropia trees. It may be helpful to call attention to Pou- rouma cecropiaefolia, which in foliage alone simulates Cecropia. Leaves with many, usually 12-16, lobes or leaflets. Leaflets distinctly petioled or entirely separate, paler but not white-pubescent beneath C. sciadophylla. Leaflets more or less joined (or the leaves merely lobed), at least at the very base, and white- or grayish-pubescent beneath, at least between the veins. Leaves white-tomentose, pilose, or sericeous-pubescent above, not scabrous or not scabrous only. Leaves typically 10-11-lobed, greenish above. Leaves divided nearly to the base; staminate spikes many. C. leucophaea. Leaves often only three-fourths divided; staminate spikes about 4 C. acutifolia. Leaves typically 12-13-lobed, white-tomentose above. C. albicans. Leaves scabrous above. Leaves white- or grayish-tomentose beneath. Leaves typically 11-16-lobed C. angustifolia. Leaves typically 10-lobed. Petioles and leaf nerves hirtellous beneath. . . .C. strigosa. Petioles and leaf nerves tomentulose beneath. C. montana. Leaves reddish-hirsutulous, somewhat white-pubescent be- neath C. tubulosa. Leaves with 5-11 lobes, rarely parted to the base. Leaf lobes entire or merely undulate-repand. Leaves more or less pubescent above, usually scabrous. Lobes of the leaves typically 10 or 11. Leaves softly pubescent above, the scabrosity, if any, obscured. Leaves parted almost to the base C. leucophaea. Leaves merely deeply lobed C. acutifolia. Leaves scabrous-pubescent above, other pubescence not marked. Petioles and leaves beneath more or less hirtellous. FLORA OF PERU 283 Leaves shallowly lobed C. strigosa. Leaves very deeply lobed C. tubulosa. Petioles and leaves beneath merely white-lanuginose. C. montana. Lobes of the leaves typically 8 or 9, or fewer. Leaf lobes typically 8 or 9. Leaves corrugated-rugose above. Leaves concolorous beneath, the nerves villous. C. nivea. Leaves with nerves and veins beneath green or brown. C. Klotzschiana. Leaves not all or not definitely rugose above. Leaf nerves many (20-25) and mostly 1 cm. or less apart. Staminate spikes many; leaves shallowly lobed. C. latiloba. Staminate spikes few; leaves deeply lobed. Leaves somewhat floccose or more floccose than scabrous above C. leucocoma. Leaves obviously scabrous above C. bicolor. Leaf nerves 12-15 and mostly more than 1 cm. apart. Staminate spikes many (-50) ; leaves asperous above. C. multi flora. Staminate spikes few (-20); leaves often floccose above. Leaves hirtellous on the nerves beneath . .C. bicolor. Leaves tomentose even on the nerves beneath. C. obtusa. Leaf lobes typically 5, 6, or 7. Lobes of the leaves broadly obovate, 10-20 cm. wide. Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and peduncles loosely pilose or hirsutulous. Leaves asperous above, the lobes obtuse or acute. C. ficifolia. Leaves hirsutulous above, the lobes acuminate. C. Standleyi. Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and, usually, peduncles tomentose . . . . C. obtusa. 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Lobes of the leaves oblongish, scarcely at all obovate, less than 10 cm. wide C. Engleriana. Leaves glabrous above. Leaves pubescent beneath. Petioles white- tomentose; pistillate spikes 6-10 cm. long. C. Francisci. Petioles tomentose with soft, white, and setulose, often brown hairs mixed ; pistillate spikes twice as long. C. flagellifera. Leaves glabrous beneath (the nerves mostly minutely puber- ulent). Leaves very deeply lobed; staminate spikes few, very woolly, elongate C. Setico. Leaves moderately (to three-fourths) lobed; staminate spikes very many C. Tessmannii. Leaf lobes, or some of them, dentate, repandly toothed, or pinnat- ifid. Leaf divisions dentate-serrate C. dentata. Leaf divisions more or less pinnately lobed C. polystachya. Gecropia acutifolia Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847. A tree with 10-11-lobed leaves, the lobes with rotund sinuses, elongate and acutely subacuminate, the largest 5-7 cm. wide and about 20 cm. long; pubescence of the branchlets and leaves beneath early white- tomentose, later pilose on the former and the nerves; petioles white- tomentose; staminate peduncles 5-7 cm. long; bracts acuminate, 11 cm. long; spikes 4, on pedicels 5-10 mm. long; pistillate spikes 6, nearly 20 cm. long, 8 mm. thick, the fruit verruculose, oblong-conic, acute. Peru: (Pavdn). Cecropia albicans Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847. Leaves plane, divided halfway to the base, the lobes obtuse or obtusely acuminate, white-hirtellous beneath between the very slender, reticulate, rufescent veins; petioles 35 cm. long, white with a short, dense pubescence; stipules 16 cm. long and 12 cm. broad; pistillate peduncle thick, 1.5-2 cm. long; bract 5 cm. long, abruptly attenuate; spikes 3-4. Here seems to belong material at Madrid, without locality, by Ruiz and Pavon; the staminate spikes are many. Peru: Pawn. FLORA OF PERU 285 Cecropia angustifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 83. 1847. C. digitata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847. A tall, handsome tree with pale bark and spreading crown; leaves ample, dark green and scabrous above, deeply lobed, the lobes oblong-ligulate, the larger about 5 cm. wide and 3-4 times as long; petioles 30-40 cm. long; staminate spikes many, the pistillate 2-4, about 4 cm. long; fruit oblong, acute. Neg. 11581. Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5741. Above San Ramon, 1,700 meters, Killip & Smith 24737; a tree of 9-12 meters. Huanuco: Ruiz & Pavon. Puno: Sangaban, Lechler(1}. Cecropia bicolor Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847. Leaves with elongate-oblong, shortly acuminate lobes, green but scabrous above, white-tomentose beneath except for the green, hirsutulous nerves; pistillate peduncle long-villous, about 7 cm. long, bearing 4 spikes 15 to nearly 20 cm. long. The greatly elongate spikes are striking. The species may be allied to C. flagellifera. Neg. 11582. Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz. Cecropia dentata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847. Very imperfectly known; leaf lobes 9, short, obovate, acute, the margins dentate-subserrate, green but hirsute-scabrous above, white- tomentose beneath except for the muricate-hirsute midrib and nerves; petiole 15-20 cm. long, sparsely pilose. Huanuco :Muna, (Ruiz & Pavon). Cecropia Engleriana Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 365. 1923. Allied to C. ficifolia but the pubescence of the lower leaf surface entirely lanuginose, the stipules, petioles, and leaves often smaller, and the latter deeply 7-lobed, the lobes oblongish, 5-7 cm. wide and with 22-25 lateral nerves; staminate spikes very slender. Neg. 11586. Rio Acre: Ule 9313. Cecropia ficifolia Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 365. 1923. A small to tall (30 meters) tree with ample, peltate leaves, greenish but densely asperous-pubescent above and white-tomentose beneath, not at all deeply 5-6-lobed, the rotund-obovate lobes (to 45 cm. long 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII and 20 cm. wide) obtuse or acute, remote and little narrowed below; lateral nerves 12-16; petioles 30-45 cm. long; stipules to 15 cm. long, pubescent also within; staminate peduncle about 7 cm. long, the pistillate twice as long; staminate spikes 12 or more, 5-7 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long; enveloping hairs 0.5-1 mm. long; filaments unequal; pistillate spikes 4-6, sessile, 8 cm. long, about twice as long in fruit and 8 mm. thick, lightly tomentose; stigmas penicillate; fruit 2-3 mm. long, faintly verruculose. Neg. 11587. Rio Acre: UleOSll; Huber 4245. Cecropia flagellifera Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847. C. Ruiziana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847. Apparently very similar to C. Francisci, but with shorter petioles, smaller leaves, and fewer (4) pistillate spikes, these in fruit 20 cm. long and 8-9 mm. thick. Peru: (Pavori). Cecropia Francisci Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 369. 1923. A tree as much as 25 meters high, with punctate-asperous branch- lets, long-pubescent stipules to 20 cm. long, petioles nearly 40 cm. long, and coriaceous leaves about 9-lobed to the middle, the largest of the broadly obovate lobes 40 cm. long and 20 cm. broad; peduncles 10 cm. long or longer; pistillate spikes 5-6, sessile, 7-8.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, before flowering densely tomentose; stigma penicillate. C. palmata Willd. has leaf nerves reddish beneath, finely and minutely pubescent or puberulent rather than tomentose- hirtellous. Neg. 11588. Rio Acre: Ule 9312. Cecropia Klotzschiana Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 151. 1853. C. scabra Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847, non Mart. 1831. Apparently too near C. nivea, but the pubescence beneath between the veins felt-like, the peduncles sparsely hispid, and the pedicels hirtellous. Neg. 11591. Peru: Ruiz. Cecropia latiloba Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 147. 1853. Branchlets glabrate; leaves rather similar to those of C. obtusa but with many (about 25) lateral nerves 0.5-1 cm. apart; staminate FLORA OF PERU 287 spikes 25-30, about 8 cm. long, the pedicels 5 mm. long, hirsute; pistillate spikes sessile, finally 15 cm. long; fruits 3 mm. long, tomen- tose at the tip. Neg. 18838. Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3467, 3466 (det. Snethlage). Rio Masana, Williams 96. Lower Ucayali, Tessmann 3307 (var. ; det. Snethlage). Cumaria, Tessmann 3253 (det. Snethlage). Brazil; Bolivia. Cecropia leucocoma Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 142. 1853. Petioles, peduncles, and young leaves above greenish but lightly and loosely lanuginose; leaves thin, deeply (even to the base) divided, the elongate-obovate lobes apiculate or rounded, white-tomentose beneath or merely araneose; lateral nerves about 1 cm. apart or less, usually about 20; staminate spikes fewer than 12, about 7 cm. long, the pedicels to 5 mm. long; pistillate spikes about 4, to 15 cm. long, 5-8 mm. thick, subsessile, the slender peduncle 6-8 mm. long. Tess- mann 4058 has been given a subspecific herbarium name by Sneth- lage, but it has the close, parallel nerves of C. leucocoma and could be treated as a variety of the latter with longer, thicker (20 cm. long, 9 mm. thick), distinctly pediceled pistillate spikes or, more probably, as a distinct species. C. adenopus Mart, and C. scabra might be sought here. The former may be known by its hispidulous petioles and peduncles; the latter by its reduced (asperous and hirtellous) leaf pubescence and its merely ternate staminate spikes. Neg. 11592. Illustrated, Wawra, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Bras. pi. 85. Loreto: Middle Ucayali, Tessmann 3306, 3455 (one a glabrate form, det. Snethlage). Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4173. Bolivia; Brazil. "Setico," "siari chal." Cecropia leucophaea Poepp. ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1:151. pi. 50. 1853. Probably allied to C. multiflora, but the more numerous acute leaf lobes not more scabrous above than otherwise pubescent; nerves beneath green but hirsute- villous; staminate spikes very numerous, 5-7.5 cm. long, on hirsute pedicels 4 mm. long. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig. Cecropia montana Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 368. 1923. A small tree (to 10 meters) with short, white-pilose branchlets, rather small stipules (about 5 cm. long) glabrate within, petioles 35 cm. long, and deeply 10-lobed leaves white-tomentose beneath, the 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII lobes oblong, the largest 30 cm. long and a little less than a third as wide; lateral nerves 15-25; peduncle 2.5-4 cm. long; pistillate spikes 4, becoming 3.5-6 cm. long and 6-10 mm. thick; fruit oblong, 2 mm. long, minutely tubercled. Neg. 11599. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,300 meters, Ule 6845. Cecropia multiflora Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 367. 1923. A small tree (10 meters, so far as known) with minutely pilose branchlets and rather deeply lobed leaves, the largest obovate, acutish lobes about 30 cm. long and scarcely half as broad, the pubescence above merely asperous, beneath white-tomentose, the midrib and 12-14 nerves minutely pilose; peduncle 5-8 cm. long, finely pilose; staminate spikes as many as 50 and 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, minutely pubes- cent; filaments nearly equal, the anthers before anthesis ecaudate. Similar to C. nivea and C. Klotzschiana, but from herbarium material distinguishable by the even upper leaf surfaces. Neg. 11600. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 800 meters, Weberbauer 1837, type. Cecropia nivea Poepp. ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847. Leaves large, deeply 9-parted, the acute, obovate lobes green but scabrous-hispid above, loosely and densely white-tomentose beneath ; staminate peduncle 3.5-5 cm. long, densely hispid-villous, bearing many slender spikes 7 cm. long, their subulate pedicels 6 mm. long. Suggests C. multiflora, but the leaves are noticeably rugose. Neg. 11601. Peru: Poeppig. Cecropia obtusa Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 79. 1847. Branchlets strigose; leaf lobes obovate-rotund, very obtuse, tomentulose above at first, finally asperous, often 20 cm. long and half as broad or larger, the lateral nerves 1-2 cm. apart, about 15; staminate peduncle about 20 cm. long, bearing 12-15 shortly pedi- celed spikes only 4-5 cm. long; perianth tubular, subentire, minutely hirtellous; pistillate spikes 8-9 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, on pedicels 2-4 mm. long; fruit obovate, verruculose, white-tomentose-punctate. C. palmata Willd. has leaves glabrate above and pistillate spikes 13-15 cm. long. Neg. 25536. Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2557. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2068. Without locality: (Pavdri). Brazil ; British Guiana. "Setico." FLORA OF PERU 289 Cecropia polystachya Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 80. 1847. C. pinnatiloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847. Well marked (if the character is constant) by the lobed middle leaflets; lobes 9-10, ovate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, the larger 7.5 cm. broad, about 20 cm. long; staminate peduncle tomen- tose, 7.5 cm. long, the 20 pediceled spikes 5-10 cm. long; pistillate spikes about 4 and 6 cm. long, the peduncle a little longer. Neg. 25538. Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz. Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. Flora 24, pt. 2: Beibl. 93. 1841. Immediately recognizable by its petioled or entirely disjoined leaflets that are glabrous or merely puberulent-tomentulose in the areoles, even beneath. Snethlage has distinguished var. decurrens Snethl. and var.Juranyiana (A.Richt.) Snethl.,the latter the extreme variation with the leaflets actually sessile. This is a medium to tall tree with huge leaves (the largest leaflets about 50 cm. long and nearly 10 cm. wide or wider), glabrate petioles several dm. long, 4-6 pistil- late spikes about 10 cm. long, and several staminate spikes, the filaments somewhat unequal. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 46. Loreto: Lower Rio Napo, Tessmann 3718 (det. Snethlage). Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4717, 4278 (det. Snethlage). Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2130. Brazil. "Setico." Cecropia Setico Snethl. in herb., sp. nov. Folia inter maxima, ad 60 cm. lata et ultra, subtus ad nervos fere microscopice pulverulenta; pedunculi leviter spinuloso-ciliati vel glabrati ad 10 cm. longi; spicae 4 dense lanatae fere sessiles in statu fructifero circa 20 cm. longae. Leaves very large, at least 60 cm. wide, almost microscopically pulverulent on the nerves beneath; peduncles lightly spinulose- ciliate or glabrate, to about 10 cm. long; spikes 4, very woolly, becoming about 20 cm. long, nearly sessile. Neg. 11608. Loreto: Unanana, Lower Rio Napo, 100 meters, Tessmann 3713. "Setico." Cecropia Standleyi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 61. 1931. A small, slender tree of 3-6 meters, similar to C. ficifolia but easily distinguishable by the soft, scattered trichomes of the upper leaf surfaces and the short-acuminate, broadly obovate leaf lobes; 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII pubescence beneath not at all lanuginose; staminate aments 8-10, 9 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1 cm. long, the filaments equal; pistillate spikes 4, subsessile, 18 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, lightly tomentose. Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 399, type. Iquitos, 100 meters, Kittip & Smith 27033. "Setico." Cecropia strigosa Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847. Similar to C. angustifolia, but the leaf lobes fewer and the pubes- cence more hirtellous, in this respect approaching C. tubulosa; stami- nate spikes about 60; pistillate spikes about 7. Peru: (Pawn). Cecropia Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9: 260. 1925. Leaves large, glabrous, deeply (three-fourths their length) 9- lobed; spikes similar to those of C. multiflora but not distinctly pediceled; filaments very short. Fruit edible. C. laetevirens Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 6: 63. 1910, and C. bifurcata Huber, op. cit. 62, would be sought here. The leaves of both are broadly and obtusely lobed, more or less fulvous-pilose beneath but green and glabrous to the eye. Williams 1*313 (part of a leaf) from Yurimaguas is per- haps C. Tessmannii. Neg. 11609. Loreto: Yarina-cocha, 150 meters, Tessmann 3454- Fortaleza, in forest, 200 meters, Williams 4313. Santa Rosa, 200 meters, Williams 4949. "Setico," "pungara." Cecropia tubulosa Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847. Probably only a form or possibly a variety of C. angustifolia, but the leaves beneath more conspicuously reddish-hirsutulous than white-tomentulose. C. angustifolia may be rubescent on the nerves. Neg. 11610. Huanuco: Chinchao, Mufia, Ruiz & Pavon. 3. POUROUMA Aubl. Trees with entire or 3-5-lobed leaves, or one species with 8-12- parted leaves simulating those of Cecropia, but the inflorescence always cymose and the rather large, often densely velvety-tomentose fruits borne distinctly. See Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 123-132, for a number of Amazonian species to be expected, particularly several with entire leaves. Other extra-Peruvian species published more FLORA OF PERU 291 recently, and possibly occurring, are mentioned below. Spruce found the name "cocura" used for an Amazonian species. Leaves not parted or deeply lobed. Pubescence fulvous or brown P. phaeotricha. Pubescence white or gray P. folleata. Leaves palmately parted or lobed, at least typically and some of them. Leaves 8 (6)-12-parted P. cecropiaefolia. Leaves 3-5-lobed. Leaves deeply cordate at base, harshly hairy on both sides. P. substrigosa. Leaves little if at all cordate, or not pubescent. Leaves not distinctly, if at all, cordate. Branchlets glabrous or puberulent, the leaves white-hairy beneath. Petioles glabrous or early granulose P. Tessmannii. Petioles tomentose, glabrate only in age ... P. Jussieuana. Branchlets yellowish-hairy, like the leaves beneath. Leaves strigose or scabrous above P. palmata. Leaves glabrous above P. triloba. Leaves deeply cordate at the base P. Ulei. Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart, ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 123. pi. 36. 1853. P. multifida Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 107. 1847(7). The only Peruvian species with Cecropia-like leaves that are cordate-rotund and radiately parted; segments obovate-oblong- lanceolate, velvety and ashy- or white-tomentose beneath, the largest middle ones sometimes 15-30 cm. long and 10-20 cm. broad, all more or less connate toward the base; petioles glabrous; peduncles puberulent; inflorescence in flower dense, reddish purple with a close puberulence, the fasciculate or capitulate staminate flowers sessile or nearly so, their minutely setulose segments entirely free. Accord- ing to Martius, a tree of 10-15 meters with the habit of a Cecro- pia but with juicy fruits that have a pleasant, sweetish-sour taste. Sometimes cultivated. The Martius name (Reise 3: 1130. 1831) is essentially a nomen nudum until taken up by Miquel. There is no doubt, however, as to its application, and Martius gave the common names and described the fruit. Lacking positive proof that P. multi- 292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII fida Tre"cul is the same, I retain the well-known name. A specimen by Killip and Smith (27932) from Puerto Arturo, Loreto, has been determined in Herb. Berlin by Mildbraed as P. sapida Karst. It is not clear to me that the latter species is distinct. Its leaves have 9 lobes. In the Field Museum specimen they are separate nearly to the base. Loreto: Above Pongo de Manseriche, 200 meters, in forest, Mexia 6257. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in clearing, Klug 1185, 1326. Mouth of Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3054- Alto Rio Itaya, Williams 3347. Iquitos, Ducke 7581; Killip & Smith 27381, 29839 (both det. by A. C. Smith). Huanuco: Huamalies District, Weberbauer 3705. Rio Acre: Ule 9314. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5446. Brazil. "Ambauba mansa," "ambauba do vinho," "mapaty," "cucura," "uvilla." Pourouma folleata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 114. 1930. Branchlets glabrous; petioles evanescently appressed-setulose, 2-3 cm. long; leaves entire or repand-undulate, elliptic, acute at the base, very shortly acuminate, the larger 12 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, glabrous above or the midnerve strigillose, shortly white-tomentulose beneath between the 15 nerves, these densely strigillose; stipules yellowish-villous, 2.5 cm. long; peduncles 1.5 cm. long; compound cymes grayish-brown-hirsutulous, open, the slender-pediceled stami- nate flowers not at all capitulate; segments linear-subulate, acumi- nate. P. apiculata Spruce and P. tomentosa Mart, have entire leaves arachnoid-tomentose beneath, the former distinguished from the latter by the apiculate leaf acumination. Its large fruits are velvety. P. crassivenosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 419. 1928, is glabrous beneath to the eye except on the nerves. P. pa- raensis Huber is hirtellous on the veins beneath, appressed-lanate in the areoles. Junin: La Merced, 1,300-1,700 meters, Schunke 416, A95. Pourouma Jussieuana Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 106. 1847. A tree with angled, verruculose, finally glabrous branchlets and palmately 3-5-lobed, not at all cordate leaves; leaf lobes glabrous above, oblong or the middle ovate, repand, acuminate, the larger 12 cm. wide and 15-25 cm. long, with 17-22 nerves, these conspicuous beneath; petioles pubescent, 5-6 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence cymose-paniculate, the puberulent peduncle 5 cm. long; fruit ovate, densely pale-rusty-puberulent; seed depressed-ovate. P. cuspidata FLORA OF PERU 293 Warb. of Amazonian Brazil is recognizable by the scabrosity of its leaves beneath and its small staminate flowers, less than 1 mm. long, the branchlets of the inflorescence thick. Peru: Buena Vista (Jussieu). "Amandier de Buena- Vista." Pourouma palmata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 29. pi 141. 1838. Young branchlets densely yellow-scabrous; leaves rounded or subcordate, with 3-5 oblong or ovate, acute lobes, harshly scabrous above but silky-pubescent beneath, especially on the prominent nerves (the lateral about 30) ; petioles subterete, the upper 8 cm. long, shortly pubescent; staminate flowers glomerate, the inflorescence much branched; perianth segments shortly united, oblong, hirsutu- lous at the apex, equaled by the dense filaments; immature fruiting inflorescence velvety in appearance, with a dense, reddish brown pubescence; pedicels thick, 3-5 cm. long; young fruits ovate, con- spicuously capped by the peltate stigma. Fruits edible. Neg. 11622. San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 2881, Addenda 153. Huanuco: Huamalies, Weberbauer 3639. Loreto: Pampa del Sacramento (Huber). "Uvilla." Pourouma phaeotricha Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 193. 1927. Young branches, petioles, and inflorescence rusty puberulent- tomentose, with paler, rigid hairs intermixed; leaves very regularly oblong-elliptic, obtuse at the base, very acutely acuminate, often to 20 cm. long and 8-9 cm. broad, the mature ones glabrate above, beneath on the midrib and 8-10 lateral nerves more or less hirsutulous and rusty puberulent-tomentose, the areoles ashy green and under a lens white-araneose; fruiting inflorescence with few short branchlets, the pedicels 5-8 mm. long; stigma greenish white, pulvinate, densely brown-tomentose and white-hirsute; immature fruit 12 mm. long, 8-9 mm. thick, bright green. A tree of 7 meters, the trunk 8 cm. in diameter, with few branches 2 meters above the base. P. aurea Mildbr. op. cit. 10: 418, has obovate-oblong leaves broadest at the upper third, with 15-17 lateral nerves. Neg. 11624. Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5364- Pourouma substrigosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 192. 1927. A tree of about 15 meters with rather harshly strigose-hirsute foliage and growing parts; petioles densely and shortly hirsute, to 294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 25 cm. long; leaves 3-5-lobed, with narrow, deep sinuses, the seg- ments short-acuminate, elliptic, the largest middle one 25-35 cm. long and 15 cm. wide; staminate inflorescence 2-many times irregu- larly branched, reddish brown with dense pubescence of granular and club-shaped hairs intermixed, the flowers sessile and glomerulate, their linear, more or less dilated segments ciliate at the apex, barely 1.5 mm. long, exceeding the filaments. Trunk about 17 cm. in diameter, with few branches at 6 meters. Fruit edible. Neg. 11625. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4642, type. Streamlet near mouth of Rio Santiago, 400 meters, Mexia 6201; a tree of 14 meters, the leaves and twigs inhabited by small ants. "Uvilla." Pourouma Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 192. 1927. Glabrous or lightly pubescent except for the more or less deeply 3-lobed leaves, these silvery beneath with an appressed tomentum; petioles sulcate, to 15 cm. long; stipules 8 cm. long, acuminate; leaves acuminate, 3-nerved from the base, 20 cm. long; staminate inflorescence 7 cm. long, the peduncle as long, the branches and branchlets chestnut-brown, with a dense covering of clavate hairs; flower glomerules dense, the perianth segments subulate-linear, closely white-pubescent, about 1.5 mm. long, the filaments half as long. A tree of 20 meters, branching at 12 meters, with a trunk 25 cm. in diameter. Inflorescence early greenish yellow, in anthesis bright brown, becoming dark brown. Neg. 11626. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4236, type. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4688. "Setico." Pourouma triloba Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 104. 1847. P. triloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 526. Oct., 1847. Perhaps only a less pubescent variety of P. palmata; pistillate flowers pubescent; staminate glomerules numerous, with the stamens about 5 mm. thick; fruit oblong-obovate,. crustaceous, dehiscent by two valves. Neg. 11623. Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz, type. Pampayacu, Sawada 21. Pourouma Ulei Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 132. 1907. A tree, the branches and petioles slightly tomentose or glabrate; leaves long-petiolate, deeply cordate at the base, with usually over- lapping basal lobes, smooth and glabrous above, closely and minutely FLORA OF PERU 295 white-tomentose beneath, the broad lobes abruptly short-acuminate. Neg. 11627. Loreto: In pasture, El Recreo, 200 meters, Williams 3984- Ama- zonian Brazil. "Uvilla." 4. COUSSAPOA Aubl. Rather similar to Pourouma, but both sorts of flowers capitate, the pistillate heads solitary or often few. Leaves entire, the petioles often about half as long. Stigma capitate-penicillate. Tall trees with the name "chichillica," the trunks thick, the foliage abundant, the fibers of the bark serving for the manufacture of coarse baskets, sacks for the collection of coca and fruits, and various other articles; it is used also to fasten and join timbers and beams (Ruiz & Pa von). Species very similar and the characters accepted as definitive may be variable. Some of the following names by Tre"cul are in conflict with those of Klotzsch for the same year (1847), but the former were published in August while the latter probably appeared toward the last of the year. Linnaea for this year consists of 12 numbers, the correction page at the end of vol. 20 being signed as written only in August and a much earlier article is signed also as written at this date (Nelly Dubugnon, Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva). Branchlets, especially apically, very villous or setose. Leaves broadly rounded and emarginate at the apex. C. emarginata. Leaves acute or obtuse at the apex, not emarginate. Branchlets long-setose; leaves glabrate or lightly tomentose beneath C. hirsuta. Branchlets hirsute- villous. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath C. villosa. Leaves minutely hirsutulous and cobwebby beneath. C. vellerea. Branchlets glabrate or shortly pubescent. Leaves acute, smooth and glabrous above. Branchlets puberulent-hirsutulous; leaves 8-17 cm. long. Leaves glabrous beneath or the nerves puberulent. C. ovalifolia. Leaves araneose-tomentulose beneath C. Tessmannii. Branchlets glabrous; leaves 20-30 cm. long C. acutifolia. 296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves rounded or retuse apically, often more or less asperous. Pistillate heads solitary. Leaves scabrous on the upper surface C. asperifolia. Leaves smooth on the upper surface C. grandiceps. Pistillate heads cymose. Leaves finely short-hirsutulous beneath C. magnifolia. Leaves white-lanuginose beneath, as well as sparsely hirsutu- lous C. Standleyi. Coussapoa acutifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847. With the large leaves of C. magnifolia Tre'cul, but these obviously acute and glabrous except for the puberulent nerves beneath; in these respects apparently like C. ovalifolia Tre'cul, with much smaller and crowded leaves. Neg. 11555. Huanuco: Cochero, Ruiz & Pawn. Coussapoa asperifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 96. 1847. Branchlets soon glabrate or glabrous; leaves often almost square- sided, about 15 cm. long or smaller, typically very scabrous above and rather softly short-pubescent beneath and finely reticulate; petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; staminate heads cymose; perianth oblong, with short, glabrous teeth; filaments about as long as the flower; pistillate flowers in a solitary head, tubular-urceolate; style very short, the stigma capitate, villous; fruits very numerous, oblong, exteriorly somewhat fleshy. Both the Peruvian specimens are essentially glabrous but are typical in the obtuse or retuse leaves. C. Martiana Miq. has broadly ovate, somewhat acute leaves, often larger and white-arachnoid beneath, in which respect it resembles C. subincana Mart, with the leaves somewhat peltate. Neg. 11556. Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4472 (det. Mildbraed). Junin: La Merced, 55-47. British Guiana. Coussapoa emarginata Killip, sp. nov. Arbor 12-15-metralis, ramulis crassis densissime pilis longis fulvis mollibus pilosis dense foliatis; stipulae lineari-lanceolatae 6.5 cm. longae attenuatae extus dense longipilosae; folia mediocria longi- petiolata coriacea, petiolo crasso 4.5-5.5 cm. longo dense piloso; lamina late obovato-ovalis vel rotundato-ovalis 13-17.5 cm. longa 9-12 cm. lata apice late rotundata et leviter vel profunde emarginata, basi rotundata, supra in sicco fusca ad costam et interdum ad nervos pilosa, aliter glabra, nervis non elevatis, subtus pallida ubique sub- FLORA OF PERU 297 sparse adpresse tomentulosa, ad costam nervosque pilis longis ochra- ceis sericeo-pilosa, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 15 rectis elevatis angulo semirecto obliquis in marginem desinentibus, nervulis obscuris numerosissimis rectis arete parallelis; iniflorescentia (immatura tantum visa) paucicapitata densa, capitulis parvis dense paucifloris breviter pedunculatis, pedunculo petiolo aequilongo. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 29955 (U. S. Nat. Herb., type; duplicate in Herb. Field Mus.). Coussapoa grandiceps Killip, sp. nov. Arbor, ramulis crassis sparse in statu juvenili hirtello-puberulis cito glabratis; stipulae magnae circa 7 cm. longae pallido-tomentosae; folia magna coriacea, petiolo crasso 6-10 cm. longo striato glabrato; lamina ovali-ovata 24-32 cm. longa 16-19 cm. lata versus apicem rotundatum paullo angustata, basi late rotundata brevissime cor- data, supra glabra laevis, subtus minute arete pallido-tomentella, nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 18 rectis elevatis, venulis ultimis creberrimis prominentibus arete parallelis; capitula feminea geminata, pedunculis simplicibus crassis 5-6.5 cm. longis leviter tomentulosis glabrescentibus, capitulis densissimis subglobosis multi- floris 1.5 cm. diam. Loreto: Yanon, wooded banks of lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters, W. J. Dennis (Killip & Smith 29246; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.); a tree of 12-15 meters. Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5349. Apparently conspecific is Williams 4179 from Yurimaguas. "Renaco caspi." Coussapoa hirsuta Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 97. 1847. C. setosa Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 528. 1847. Branchlets conspicuously long-setose toward the tips; petioles to 3 cm. long, evanescently pilose; leaves obovate, rounded at the base, acute, about 15 cm. long, 10 cm. wide or narrower, slightly floccose on the nerves beneath; pistillate heads cymose-corymbose, the urceolate flowers thin and including the subdrupaceous fruit; seed irregular. Mildbraed (in herb. Madrid) maintains the Klotzsch name. Neg. 11560. Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pawn. Coussapoa magnifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 98. 1847. C. Ruizii Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847. Suggesting C. asperifolia Tre"cul, but the leaves often 30 cm. long and nearly as wide; lateral nerves 6-7; petioles glabrate, to 10 298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII cm. long; pistillate heads several; ovary subobovate. Mildbraed employs the Klotzsch name. Neg. 11557. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1371; Ruiz & Pavon, type. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5447. Coussapoa ovalifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 95. 1847. C. puberula Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847. Petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at the base, mostly 8-12, rarely 15, cm. long, half as wide; lateral nerves 13-15, the veins obvious; pistillate heads umbellate-cymose, the flowers puberulent only at the tip; stigma penicillate; ovary oblong. Smoothish forms of C. asperifolia may be distinguished by their obtuse leaves and solitary pistillate heads. C. trinervia Mildbr. is glabrous, with strongly 3-nerved leaves. C. nitida Miq. is sparsely hirtellous and the pistillate flowers glabrous. Neg. 11559. Junin: Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 25341; a tree of 9-12 meters. La Merced, 600 meters, 5594. Huanuco: Chinchao, Pillao, Posuso, etc., /fou'z. Loreto: Puerto Metendez, Tessmann 3922 (det. Mildbraed). Rio Acre: Vie 9316? (det. Mildbraed). Without locality: Ruiz. Coussapoa Standleyi Macbr., sp. nov. C. magnifoliae affinis; petiolis (12 cm. longis), nervis venisque minutissime parceque hispidulis; foliis apice rotundato-obtusis ad 40 cm. longis supra glabris subtus dense arachnoideis, margine valde undulato-repandis; nervis lateralibus circa 16 prominentibus; pedun- culis dense ferrugineo-tomentuloso-hirsutulis; capitulis fern, circa 15 plerumque geminato-connatis, dense hirsutulis. Seemingly well distinct in character of pubescence, and the numerous pistillate heads (these are undeveloped). Mildbraed referred the specimen to C. magnifolia with a query. The pubescence suggests that of the different C. vellerea. Neg. 29511. Huanuco: Huamalies, 700-800 meters, Weberbauer 3702, type (Hb. Berlin). Coussapoa Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:413. 1928. Youngest branchlets rusty-hirsutulous; leaves ovate, nearly truncate at the base, triangular-acute at the apex, 13-17 cm. long, 9-12 cm. wide, on stout petioles a third as long; lateral nerves about 11, the veins and veinlets beneath densely reticulate and prominent, the areoles thereby sunken; pistillate inflorescence many-headed, FLORA OF PERU 299 on peduncles 1.5-2 cm. long, the short, thick branchlets somewhat hirsute and granular; heads 5 to nearly 10 mm. thick, sometimes geminate-connate; flowers 3 mm. long, glabrous, the shorter bracts filiform or slightly widened at the apex. Differs from C. puberula in the pubescence. C. intermedia Mart, has very fine, scarcely at all reticulate or obvious veins. Neg. 11562. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4673, type. "Renaco." Coussapoa vellerea Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 527. 1847. Similar to C. villosa, but the leaf pubescence not at all tomentose, the arachnoid hairs evanescent; leaves to 40 cm. long, 30 cm. wide; peduncles 5 cm. long, to 11 cm. in fruit, geminate, the fruiting peri- anth reddish-brown-hirsute, 3 mm. long. Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pavon, type. Coussapoa villosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. pi. 147. 1838. Branches, petioles, bracts, and peduncles villous-hirsute, often even shaggy; leaves ample, sometimes 30 cm. long and a third as broad or larger, broadly ovate and more or less cordate, acute or obtuse; staminate heads few to rather many, corymbose-paniculate; bractlets spatulate, often emarginate; perianth turbinate, trifid, pubescent; pistillate heads solitary or geminate; perianth contracted below the apex, oblong; style slender; fruit ovate-oblong. C. Sprucei Mildbr. has oval-oblong leaves, subvelvety-pubescent beneath. Neg. 11564. Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig, type. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4696 (det. Mildbraed). Santa Rosa, Lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters, Kittip & Smith 28800 (det. A. C. Smith). Ecuador. 5. FICUS L. Fig By Paul C. Standley Small or large trees with milky sap; leaves entire in the native American species; easy of recognition among all American trees by the form of the fruit, similar to that of the cultivated fig, but in the wild trees much smaller, consisting of a hollow, more or less fleshy receptacle, with a small apical opening (ostiole), this closed by small, overlapping scales; flowers minute, densely inserted all over the interior wall of the receptacle. A large genus in tropical America, doubtless with more Peruvian representatives than are listed here. A few other Peruvian species, in fact, are represented in the herba- 300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII rium by fragmentary material, insufficient for their diagnosis. The plants often or usually begin life as epiphytes, the seeds germinating upon a branch of some host tree. The seedlings send down aerial roots that develop into long, cord-like stems which finally envelop and strangle the host. The wood is soft and of no economic importance. The larger fruits are fleshy, sweet, and edible (espe- cially in the subgenus Pharmacosycea} . They are seldom eaten by people but are much sought by birds and other animals. The latex yields a kind of rubber. From the bark the ancient Mexicans pre- pared paper upon which some of their manuscripts were written. Receptacles solitary in the leaf axils; leaves often scabrous; involucre 3-lobate. Subgenus Pharmacosycea. Leaf blades deeply emarginate at the base F. Macbridei. Leaf blades not emarginate at the base. Leaves gradually acute or acuminate, or cuspidate-acuminate. F. glabrata. Leaves obtuse or acutish, sometimes abruptly short-acute. Leaves with very numerous, close lateral nerves. F. anthelmintica. Leaves with few distant lateral nerves F. radula. Receptacles geminate; leaves never scabrous; involucre 2-lobate. Subgenus Urostigma. Branches hirsute with long, spreading, brown hairs. Fruit sessile. Fruits large, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely hirsute. F. juruensis. Fruits about 6 mm. in diameter, glabrate F. Llewelyni. Branches not hirsute, usually glabrous or nearly so. Receptacles small, mostly 4-6 mm. in diameter. Leaves large, about 35 cm. long, attenuate to the base, nar- rowly oblanceolate-oblong F. caballina. Leaves much smaller, chiefly 5-14 cm. long. Young branches and petioles glabrous. Fruit glabrous. Leaves 3-nerved at the base, commonly about 6 cm. long. F. nitida. Leaves not 3-nerved at the base, mostly 7-12 cm. long. F. Matthewsii. Young branches and petioles, at least at first, strigose or appressed-pilose. FLORA OF PERU 301 Receptacles strigose at first, becoming glabrate. F. Killipii. Receptacles glabrous from the first. Nerves of the leaves very oblique, salient on the lower surface F. Weberbaueri. Nerves divergent at an angle of more than 60 degrees, not elevated on the lower surface. .F. casapiensis. Receptacles large, 8-20 mm. in diameter or even larger. Fruits sessile. Leaves rounded at the apex; involucre about half as long as the fruit F. Urbaniana. Leaves abruptly cuspidate-acuminate; involucre small and inconspicuous F. paraensis. Fruits pedunculate. Leaves narrowed to the acute or obtuse base. . .F. gemina. Leaves broad toward the truncate or shallowly cordate base. F. Ruiziana. Ficus anthelmintica Mart. Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 88. 1843. Pharmacosycea anthelmintica Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 66. 1848. A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, long-attenuate, as much as 11 cm. long; leaves long-petiolate, the blades elliptic- oblong or elliptic, 13-23 cm. long, 5.5-10 cm. wide, acute or acutish, subacute to rounded at the base, the lateral nerves close together, prominent beneath, slender, 15-25 or more on each side, diverging at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate or almost sessile, globose, commonly 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1 : pi. 25, f. 2. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5295; a large tree with widely spreading, dense crown. Loreto: Iquitos, in 1932, W. G. Scherer: at 100 meters, Killip & Smith. Pebas, in forest, Williams 1867. Widely distributed in Brazil. "Oje," "huito." The sap (leche de oje) and bark (corteza de oje") are used medicin- ally in the region of Iquitos, particularly as a local remedy for tertian fevers. Ficus caballina Stand!., sp. nov. Omnino glabra, ramulis crassis ut videtur dense foliatis ochraceis; stipulae non visae; folia inter maxima subcoriacea breviter petiolata, petiolo crasso 1.5 cm. tantum longo; lamina anguste oblanceolato- 302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII oblonga circa 36 cm. longa et 11 cm. lata obtusa basin versus longe sensim attenuata, basi ipsa attenuato-cuneata, supra in sicco brun- nescens, costa nervisque prominentibus, costa gracili subtus elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 15 gracilibus prominentibus angulo lato divergentibus fere rectis versus marginem inaequaliter conjunctis; receptacula numerosa ut videtur ex axillis defoliatis nascentia globosa 5-6 mm. diam. glabra, ostiolo plus minusve elevato, involucre bilobo, lobis brevibus late rotundatis vix 2.5 mm. longis; pedunculi graciles 6-8 mm. longi. Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2075 (type in Herb. Field Mus. No. 608,842). "Renaquillo." A species easily recognized by the very large, long and narrow leaves and remarkably small receptacles. Ficus Carica L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753. The common fig ("higo"), native of the Mediterranean region, is cultivated frequently in various parts of Peru. It differs from all American species in its deeply lobate leaves. Ficus casapiensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298. 1867. Urostigma casapiense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 548. 1847. Branchlets thick, sparsely pilose or glabrate; stipules 2 cm. long or less, acuminate, dorsally sericeous-pilose with long, pale hairs; leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate, very abruptly short-acuminate, very obtuse to subacute at the base, sparsely pilose beneath along the costa, elsewhere glabrous, the lateral nerves about 17 pairs, divergent at a wide angle, very slender; receptacles sessile, glabrous, globose, "slightly larger than a pea. The specimens from Loreto are referred here with some doubt. Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews, type. Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27846. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27846. Ficus gemina Ruiz ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 98, in syn. 1853. Urostigma geminum Miq. loc. cit. A tree of 5-8 meters or more, glabrous throughout, the branches relatively slender; stipules small and narrow, about 1 cm. long; leaves slender-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic, commonly 6-12 cm. long and 2-5 cm. wide, acuminate or abruptly acute, obtuse or subacute at the base and rather con- spicuously triplinerved, the lateral nerves 8-15 on each side, very slender, divergent at a rather wide angle; receptacles short-peduncu- FLORA OF PERU 303 late, globose, generally 7-8 mm. in diameter, often spotted with red, the ostiole plane or conspicuously elevated. Neg. 11713. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 27, f. 3. Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 13, 17. Posuso, Ruiz, probably type material. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, along stream, 5484, a large tree with spreading crown, the bark white; Killip & Smith 23463, fruits yellow to orange with darker spots. Loreto: Mishu- yacu, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 29899. Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4523. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6510; Williams 5502; Spruce 4274. Chazuta, 260 meters, in forest, Klug 3972. Also in Colombia, and reported from Brazil and Surinam. "Renaco," "higo silvestre." Ficus glabrata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 47. 1817. A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, usually not more than 2 cm. long, often much smaller; leaves petiolate, the blades elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oval, 12-25 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, abruptly acute or acuminate, sometimes caudate-acuminate, acute to obtuse at the base and 3-5-nerved, pale green when dried, the lateral nerves remote, usually 8-15 on each side, rather stout, divergent at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate, globose, 1.5-4 cm. in diameter, glabrous or obscurely scaberulous, the ostiole prominent, the involucre very small. Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2329. Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 29009, fruit rich purple. San Antonio, 145 meters, Williams 3548; Killip & Smith 29458, fruit deep and pale green mottled. Iquitos, 120 meters, edge of forest, Williams 3747. Rio Masana, Williams 100. Balsapuerto, 150-350 meters, Killip & Smith 28381. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6311, 5463. San Roque, Williams 7628. Extending to Brazil and north- ward through Central America. "Oje"." Called "higueron" in Ecuador. Ficus juruensis Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 140. 1907, nomen. A small or medium-sized tree, the branchlets densely brownish- hirsute with spreading hairs; stipules brown-hirsute, often long- persistent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades obovate-oblong to elliptic or almost oval, mostly 7-15 cm. long and up to 6.5 cm. wide, acuminate or sometimes obtuse and abruptly short-pointed, coria- ceous, rounded or obtuse at the base, scabrous and somewhat pilose on the upper surface or finally glabrate, beneath densely short-pilose with soft, brownish hairs, the lateral nerves about 10 pairs, very prominent beneath, almost straight, ascending at a rather wide angle; receptacles sessile, globose, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely 304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII brown-hirsute. Negs. 11706, 11710 (determined by Warburg as a new species; Ule 5271). Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, 5819; Weberbauer 2321. Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4702. Without locality, Ule 5271. Amazonian Brazil. Ficus Killipii Standl., sp. nov. Arbor 6-30-metralis, ramulis crassiusculis griseis vel fuscis rimosis primo sparse strigosis cito glabratis dense foliatis; stipulae circa 1 cm. longae anguste triangulares longiattenuatae puberulae vel glabratae; folia petiolata coriacea, petiolo crassiusculo 1-1.5 cm. longo glabrato; lamina oblonga vel obovato-oblonga 6-12.5 cm. longa 2.5-5 cm. lata obtusa vel breviter abrupte obtuso-acuminata, basi obtusa vel anguste rotundata atque 5-nervia, costa utrinque prominente, nervis lateralibus utrinque prominentibus utroque latere 9-11 tenuibus angulo latiusculo divergentibus prope marginem arcuato- conjunctis fere rectis; receptacula geminata sessilia parva globosa 5 mm. diam. primo sparse strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo paullo prominente, involucre brevi, lobis late rotundatis. Junin : Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene" Bridge, 700 meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 25252 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 616,750, type). Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 700 meters, Weberbauer 7538. Weberbauer reports the local name of the latex as "aceite Maria," and states that it is taken by women as a remedy for sterility. Ficus Llewelyni Standl., sp. nov. Arbor, ramulis crassis ochraceis vel brunnescentibus primo pilis longis brunneis dense paten ti-hirsutis; stipulae circa 1 cm. longae dense brunneo-hirsutae; folia mediocria petiolata subcoriacea, petiolo crasso vel subgracili 8-15 mm. longo hirsuto vel glabrato; lamina obovato-elliptica vel oblongo-elliptica 7.5-12 cm. longa 4-6.5 cm. lata apice obtusa vel rotundata et abrupte breviter acutata, basi obtusa vel anguste rotundata, supra in sicco fuscescens glabra, costa nervisque impressis, subtus praesertim ad nervos brunneo- pilosa vel subhirsuta, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-12 gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis obliquis marginem fere attingentibus; receptacula geminata sessilia globosa circa 6 mm. diam. primo strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo prominente, involucro parvo bilobo extus strigoso. Loreto: Caballo-cocha on the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2308 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 608,283, type). San Martin: Chazuta, 260 FLORA OF PERU 305 meters, in forest, epiphytic, Klug 4049. Huanuco: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pawn. Junin : Chanchamayo, Isern 2231 . Ruiz and Pavon assigned to the plant an unpublished specific name now untenable. Ficus Macbridei Standl., sp. nov. Arbor 10-metralis, ramulis crassissimis primo albido-pilosis cito glabratis, internodiis brevibus vel elongatis; stipulae angustae attenu- atae circa 5.5 cm. longae glabrae; folia inter maxima petiolata sub- coriacea, petiolo crasso circa 7 cm. longo glabrato; lamina obovato- elliptica circa 30 cm. longa et 17 cm. lata apice obtusa et abrupte breviter acutata, basin versus paullo angustata, basi ipsa anguste rotundata et profunde (6 mm.) emarginata, supra glabra costa venisque vix elevatis, subtus praesertim ad nervos scaberula vel ad costam breviter hirtella, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 12 crassiusculis remotis angulo lato divergentibus prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula solitaria sessilia (?) globosa 2 cm. diam. dense pilis albidis hirtello, involucre parvo breviter trilobo. Huanuco: Pampayacu, mouth of Rio Chinchao, 1,050 meters, Macbride 5090 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 536,141, type). Ficus Matthewsii Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298. 1867. Urostigma Matthewsii Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 549. 1847. F. oblanceolata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 446. 1907. A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; petioles short or elongate, the blades obovate-oblong to narrowly oblan- ceolate-oblong, mostly 5.5-12 cm. long and 2.5-4 cm. wide, acute or obtuse, the extreme tip obtuse, acute or obtuse at the base, coria- ceous, the costa very prominent beneath, the lateral nerves fine, very numerous, closely parallel, divergent often at almost a right angle; receptacles numerous, deep red or pinkish or yellowish dotted with red, short-pedunculate, globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, the involucre minute. Type collected in Peru by Mathews. Huanuco: Huacachi, 1,950 meters, the trunk attached to a rock, 3866. Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1881. Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8012, 3737, 8079, 3694, 3784; Killip & Smith 27077. Timbuchi, Rio Nanay, Williams 927. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 29897. Bolivia to Venezuela. "Renaco." 306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Ficus nitida Thunb. Ficus Diss. 10. 1786. Glabrous throughout; a small or often a very large tree with broad crown and numerous aerial roots; stipules narrow, attenuate, about 1 cm. long; leaves small, petiolate, coriaceous, the blades obovate, acute at the base, the apex acute or acutish but the tip obtuse, the lateral nerves fine and inconspicuous; receptacles sessile, globose, about 6 mm. in diameter. An Asiatic species, said to be the most frequent street tree of Lima. It is planted commonly for shade and ornament in many parts of tropical America. Ficus paraensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298. 1867. Urostigma paraense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 534. 1847. A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; stipules 3 cm. long or less, narrow, attenuate, caducous; leaves medium-sized, sub- coriaceous, petiolate, the blades oblong to oval-oblong, mostly 10-18 cm. long and 6-8 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or sometimes cau- date-acuminate, subacute to broadly rounded and often emarginate at the base, the lateral nerves numerous, divergent at a wide angle; receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, about 1.5 cm. in diameter, the ostiole elevated, the involucre small and inconspicuous. Illus- trated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 28, f. 1. Neg. 18826. Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 4- Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, river bank, 5571; Killip & Smith 23711, the fruit green striped with purple. Pichis Trail, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 26213. Rio Perene, 600 meters, Killip & Smith 25237. Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters, edge of forest, Williams 3803. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, Williams 503 If. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2171. Manfinfa, Williams 1141. Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27484- Amazonian Brazil; reported from British Guiana. "Renaco," "sacha-oje." Ficus radula Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1144. 1806. Pharmacosycea radula Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 330. 1851. A large or medium-sized tree, glabrous or the branches and leaves sometimes minutely puberulent; stipules narrow, attenuate, mostly 1-1.5 cm. long, caducous; leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong to obovate or oval, 8-16 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex and abruptly short-pointed, obtuse or acutish at the 5-nerved base, often somewhat emarginate, the lateral nerves prominent beneath, 7-12 on each side, divergent at a wide angle; receptacles short-pedunculate, globose, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter, sca- brous, the involucre very small. FLORA OF PERU 307 Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4309. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Kittip & Smith 23534. Rio Perene", 600 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 25166. Loreto: Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 2099. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Ranging northward to southern Mexico. "Zauchama caspi" (Klug). Klug reports that the Indians prepare from the bark a kind of cloth that they use for their clothing. In various parts of the earth numerous Moraceae are or have been employed in much the same manner. Ficus Ruiziana Standl., sp. nov. Arbor alta fere omnino glabra, ramulis crassiusculis cinnamomeis vel ochraceis; stipulae anguste triangulares attenuatae caducae extus puberulae; folia mediocria vel majuscula subcoriacea longi- petiolata, petiolo gracili glabro 3.5-10 cm. longo; lamina oblongo- ovalis vel ovali-elliptica 9-25 cm. longa 5.5-12 cm. lata apice rotun- data vel obtusa et abrupte in acumen angustum acuminatum brevem contracta, basi late rotundata vel breviter cordata, glabra, in sicco viridescens vel brunnescens, costa nervisque supra prominentibus, costa subtus elevata gracili, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-16 remotis gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis angulo lato divergentibus prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula globosa 12-15 mm. diam. pedunculata glabra geminata, ostiolo prominente, involucro bilobo, lobis patentibus late rotundatis vix ultra 2.5 mm. longis; pedunculi crassi 3-5 mm. longi. Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, Macbride 5795 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 536,824, type). Huanuco: Cochero and Posuso, Ruiz (a tracing of a leaf in Herb. Berlin, apparently referable here). Loreto: Santa Rosa, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4877. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 7998. Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2114. Cuzco: Santa Rosa, Urubamba Valley, 1,200 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1722. Probably also in Amazonian Brazil. "Renaco." Ficus Urbaniana Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 459. 1903. An almost glabrous tree, the branchlets very thick; stipules broadly lanceolate, glabrous; leaves large, petiolate, the blades rounded-obovate to obovate or oblong-obovate, 14-22 cm. long, 7-14 cm. wide, broadly rounded at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, the lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, remote, ascending at a wide angle; receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter or even larger, densely velutinous-pubescent, the large ostiole promi- 308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nent; involucre at first enclosing the young fruit, in age sometimes 2 cm. long, sericeous-puberulent. Libertad: Below Hacienda Membrillal, 1,400 meters, Weberbaucr 6984- Ecuador, Venezuela, and the West Indies. Ficus Weberbaueri Standl., sp. nov. Ramuli crassi ochracei sparse strigosi densiuscule foliati, inter- nodiis brevibus; stipulae triangulares attenuato-acuminatae 5-6 mm. longae extus dorso strigosae; folia inter minora coriacea petiolata, petiolo 10-17 mm. longo gracili sparse strigoso; lamina elliptico- oblonga 6-10 cm. longa 2.5-4.5 cm. lata acuta vel subacuta, basi paullo angustata obtusa, glabra vel glabrata, in sicco brunnescens, costa supra elevata, nervis non elevatis, costa subtus elevata gracili, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-10 arete elevatis fere rectis valde obliquis angulo fere semirecto adscendentibus juxta marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula sessilia geminata parva globosa glabra 5 mm. tan turn diam., ostiolo depresso, involucro bilobo extus sparse strigoso, lobis late rotundatis vix 2 mm. longis. Cuzco: Casnipata, Prov. Paucartambo, 700-800 meters, Weber- bauer 6954 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 628,234, type). Loreto: Iquitos, 125 meters, Williams 8138. "Renaco." 6. TROPHIS L. Similar to Chlorophora but the pistillate flowers borne in short, dense racemes, tubular and 4-dentate. Fruit globose, scantily fleshy, edible. Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 195. 1905. Bucephalon racemosum L. Sp. PI. 1190. 1753. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-10 cm. long, entire; staminate aments 5-10 cm. long, the pistillate about 1 cm. long. The Peruvian tree, sometimes 10-15 meters high, may have serrulate leaves, var. meri- dionalis (Bur.) Macbr., comb. nov. (T. americana L. var. meri- dionalis Bur. in DC. Prodr. 17: 253. 1873). The leaves and branch- lets of the species are said to serve as a nutritious cattle food (Standley). Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3, pt. 1: 41. San Martin: Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3794. Tarapoto, Spruce 4521 (the var.); Williams 6573, 6542. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4083. Yurimaguas, 135 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27685. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5243 (narrow-leaved form). Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2079. Near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27531. Caballo- FLORA OF PERU 309 cocha, in forest, Williams 2086. Rio Masana, Williams 201. Sole- dad, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29576. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4658. Above Pongo de Manseriche, 210 meters, Mexia 6303, 6262. Ranging to Mexico and the West Indies. "Cu- chara-caspi, ' ' ' 'uspai-manchinga. ' ' 7. MORUS L. Mulberry Reference: Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 237-249. 1873. Flowers green, monoecious, each kind in separate aments. Seeds included in the succulent fruiting perianths which, borne densely in spikes, form the well known mulberry or "mora," M. nigra L. or M. alba L., both of which, Asiatic in origin, are sometimes culti- vated in Peru. In addition, according to Bureau, there are the two following American species. Perhaps Herrera's reference in Contr. Fl. Dep. Cuzco, ed. 2. 65. 1921, to M. nigra as "growing wild in abundance in the Province of Convencion, from Huiro to Echarati," should apply rather to one of the following. Morus celtidifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. 1817; 246. Branches and branchlets slender, glabrous or somewhat pubes- cent; leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, sca- brous above, hirtellous on the nerves beneath; stipules 1-10 mm. long; spikes laxly flowered, both the staminate and pistillate peduncu- late, the peduncle at least 5 mm. long. A tree to 9 meters tall, the wood valued in Ecuador for building purposes. Illustrated, Sarg. Man. Trees N. Amer. 305. Peru: (Mathews). Extending north to Mexico. Morus insignis Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 247. 1873. Branchlets at first whitish-tomentose, the branches glabrous, flexuous; leaves broadly ovate, unequal at the subcordate base, acuminate, very scabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, densely so in youth; stipules 2 cm. long; staminate spikes 4-8 cm. long, the peduncles 3-4 mm. long; fruiting spikes often greatly elon- gate, subsessile. Peru: Ruiz & Pavon. Colombia; Costa Rica. 8. CHLOROPHORA Gaud. Fustic Small trees or shrubs, variable vegetatively, spiny to unarmed, with entire to coarsely serrate or 3-lobed leaves, glabrate or hirtellous, but distinctive by its unisexual inflorescences, the staminate ament- like spikes or sometimes globose heads, the pistillate globose heads; 310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII fruit many-seeded and semifleshy. Perianth 4-parted, that of the pistillate flower cupulate, thickened at the apex. Branches armed with stout, recurved spines; staminate flowers capitate C. brasiliensis. Branches unarmed or with straight spines; staminate flowers in slender aments C. tinctoria. Chlorophora brasiliensis (Mart.) Standl., comb. nov. Brous- sonetia brasiliensis Mart. Flora 24: Beibl. 10. 1841. Madura bra- siliensis Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4: 34. 1847. A shrub or small tree, almost glabrous, the branches armed with numerous long, abruptly recurved spines; leaves slender-petiolate, elliptic or broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate, obtuse at the base, thin, glabrous, entire or nearly so; staminate heads 5-6 mm. in diameter. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 54. San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6855. Brazil. Described by the collector as a vine. The generic position of the plant is somewhat doubtful but for the present, at least, it may be placed in Chlorophora. Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 508. 1826. Morus tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. Madura affinis Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 155. 1853. Madura tinctoria (L.) D. Don, var. affinis (Miq.) Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 230. 1873; var. chlorocarpa Bureau, op. cit. 229. Leaves varying from lanceolate to elliptic, usually about 10 cm. long and several cm. wide, entire or serrate, on petioles 1 cm. long; staminate aments 3 to several cm. long, pedunculate as also the globose pistillate heads.- This tree is well known as the source of fustic dye-wood, furnishing the olive-drab of khaki and other tones in greens, browns, and yellows. Its light yellow wood, close-grained, durable and taking a high polish, is used in the manufacture of furniture, wheels, etc., in some parts of its range. Variable in leaf form. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 51, 52. Amazonas (?): (Mathews 1981}. Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2384. Without locality, Ruiz & Pavon; (Mathews). Loreto: Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3366. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8040, 8050, 7217. Rio Nanay, Williams 501, 672. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2441. Parana-pura, 200 meters, Williams 2441. San Martin: Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2607. Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams 5435. Rio Mayo, in forest, Williams 6254. Brazil to Mexico and the West Indies. "Insira," "insira caspi," "limulana." FLORA OF PERU 311 9. SOROCEA St. Hil. Small trees with subentire or spinulose-toothed leaves and laxly flowered, unisexual racemes or spikes. Staminate perianth present, 4-parted. Otherwise very similar to Clarisia. Leaves spinulose-dentate S. ilicifolia. Leaves, if toothed, repandly and bluntly. Branchlets puberulent or glabrous. Petioles 8-10 mm. long, or longer. Leaves bluntly toothed; pedicels 5 mm. long, or longer. S. Briquetii. Leaves entire or repandly toothed ; pedicels very short. Leaves elliptic-obovate, to nearly 10 cm. wide or smaller. S. Ulei. Leaves elliptic-oblong, to 6 cm. wide or smaller. .S. opima. Petioles 2-5 mm. long. Leaves glabrous S. muriculata. Leaves finely pubescent beneath S. Sprucei. Branchlets and especially the leaves beneath hirtellous . . S. hirtella. Sorocea Briquetii Macbr. Candollea 4: 311. 1931. Glabrous except for a minute puberulence on the pistillate peduncle and pedicels; leaves firm-membranaceous, ovate-oblong- lanceolate, acute at the base, obtusely acuminate, mostly 10 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, irregularly serrate, especially above the middle, lustrous above and rather prominently net-veined, paler beneath, the about 10 principal lateral nerves arcuately joined before the margin; peduncle 5-7 mm. long; pedicels to 10 mm. long; fruit sub- globose, 5 mm. thick; stigmas apparently acute. Neg. 11637. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4220, type. Rumizapa, 800 meters, Williams 6803. Sorocea hirtella Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 183. 1927. Young branchlets and leaf nerves beneath short-hirsute with spreading hairs; petioles 1 cm. long; leaves often slightly unequal at the rounded base, long-acuminate, mostly 10-13 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, glabrous above, the lateral nerves 10-12; rachis and peltate bracts hirtellous; perianth segments glabrate, to 2.5 mm. long and nearly 2 mm. broad. A tree of 13 meters growing in upland woods, the trunk 21 cm. in diameter. Probably here belongs a Ruiz 312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII and Pavon fruiting collection in Herb. Boissier with original label "Clarisia gen. nov.," on the basis of which the name Clarisia nitida (Allem.) Macbr. was proposed (see Clarisia racemosa). Its largest elliptic-acuminate leaves are over 20 cm. long, and 10-12 cm. wide. The axillary fruiting spikes are minutely pilose, 2-4 cm. long, the sessile, crowded, puberulent, globose fruits 5-6 mm. in diameter. Neg. 11640. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4016, type. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, King 739. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2092. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon (?). Sorocea ilicifolia Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 114. 1853. Distinctive because of the spinulose leaf serration; a glabrous shrub or small tree with oblong-elliptic or broadly elliptic, sharply acuminate leaves on petioles 1 cm. long or often shorter and with racemes 4-6 cm. long. S. Klotzschiana Baill. (S. castaneifolia Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 5: 333. 1909) of the Amazon is not obviously different. Neg. 18810. Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1858. Brazil. Sorocea muriculata Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 113. pi. 34. 1853. A densely leafy, slender, often flexuously branched shrub or small tree, the young branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences puberu- lent; leaves thin, oblong-elliptic, bluntly caudate-acuminate, acute at the base, mostly 8-10 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, paler and reticulate beneath; staminate spikes to 4 cm. long, the shorter pistillate ones often fasciculate; stigmas obtuse; fruit muricate-scabrous, thick- pediceled. S. Steinbachii Mildbr., with mostly broader leaves, some with a tooth or two, might be sought here. Its fruits are mostly sessile. S. amazonica (Mart.) Miq. is scarcely distinguishable from S. muriculata except by its acute stigmas and smooth fruits. San Martin: Near Moyobamba, Klug 3566 (probably, in flower). Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8010. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 153. Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4059, 4111 (det. Mildbraed), 5251. Sorocea opima Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 64. 1931. A shrub with sparsely puberulent branchlets, densely puberulent pistillate racemes, and glabrous leaves; petioles 8 mm. long; leaves chartaceous, gray-green, subopaque, rather obscurely veined above, conspicuously reticulate beneath, the primary lateral nerves 10-12, FLORA OF PERU 313 subrotund to the acutish or obtuse base, caudate-acuminate, the apex very broad (about 5 mm. at the middle) and up to 2 cm. long, entire or undulate-margined, the largest to 20, the smallest 10 cm. long; racemes extra-axillary, in fruit to 5 cm. long; fruit sessile or subsessile on the strongly thickened rachis, finally glabrous, 1.5 cm. long and 1 cm. thick, distinctly beaked. Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2357, type. San Martin: Zepelacio 1,200-1,600 meters, mountain forest, Klug 3566. Sorocea Sprucei (Baill.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931. Pseudosorocea Sprucei Baill. Adansonia 11: 296. 1875. Apparently glabrous but under a lens the branchlet tips, petioles, and leaf nerves beneath more or less puberulent; branchlets short and stiff; petioles scarcely 5 mm. long; leaves subcoriaceous, lustrous above, paler beneath, mostly about 8 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, short- acuminate, entire; staminate spikes subsessile, 1-2 cm. long, the flowers about 2 cm. wide, minutely pubescent; pistillate inflorescence unknown. Described as entirely glabrous. San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Spruce 4483, type. Sorocea Ulei Warb. ex Ule, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 141. 1907, nomen. Glabrous, with thin, green or grayish leaves, all entire or more usually somewhat repand-toothed, elliptic-obovate, to 20 cm. long and nearly half as broad but mostly smaller, rather abruptly caudate, acuminate, the obtuse point about 1 cm. long, subobliquely and little narrowed, or even subrotund, to the acutish base; petioles to 1.5 cm. long, somewhat hirsutulous; petals glabrous, about 1 cm. long. Described from Ule 5871, from Brazil. S. Steinbachii Mildbr. is appar- ently similar but its leaves are more nearly entire, much more cuneate below, and on usually shorter petioles. Neg. 25563. Loreto: Rio Ucayali, Ule. Cultivated, from the Ucayali, Ducke 17044; Huber 6977. Brazil. 10. CLARISIA R. & P. Reference: Lanjouw, Recueil Trav. Bot. Ne"erl. 33: 254-276. 1936. Trees or shrubs with alternate, bistipulate, petiolate, entire or dentate leaves. Flowers dioecious. Staminate spikes peduncled, axillary or in short racemes. Perianth none, the 1-staminate flowers intermixed with usually peltate bractlets. Pistillate flowers racemose or 1-several in small heads, the ovoid perianth adnate to the inferior or semi-inferior ovary. Style short, the exserted stigmas short or 314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII long. Tall, thick- trunked trees, the wood valuable. On incision, the trunk yields abundantly a white resin that in the air is brownish and somewhat elastic; it is excellent for water-proofing, and the Indians cover their blow guns, etc., with it (Ruiz & Pavon). Leaves 2-4 cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate C. racemosa. Leaves 5-7 cm. wide, long caudate-acuminate C. biflora. Clarisia biflora R. & P. Syst. 255. 1798. A tree with numerous short, very leafy branchlets; petioles sul- cate above, minutely appressed-pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate to obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly long-cuspidate, the acumen nearly 1.5 cm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, the blades 10-15 cm. long or longer, chartaceous, conspicuously reticulate and laterally nerved beneath, somewhat lustrous above, paler or often reddish brown beneath; stipitate pistillate flowers apparently binate at the base of the petiole; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, in fruit thick, 7 mm. long; perianth 4-bracted, 1 bract smaller than the others, suborbicular, subpeltate, fimbriate; perianth subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter, the apical opening with a short, cylindric, irregularly lobed collar; styles 7 mm. long; fruit globose, 2 cm. in diameter. Neg. 29482. Huanuco: Cochero, Chinchao, Posuso, Pillao, Chacahuasi, Ruiz & Pavdn. San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, in forest, Klug 3698; a tree of 15 meters. Without locality: Weberbauer 7057. "Yasmich," "piamich." Clarisia racemosa R. & P. Syst. 255. 1798. Soaresia nitida Allem. Arch. Palestr. Scien. Rio Jan. 1 : 142. 1858. C. nitida Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:15. 1931. A tree to 30 meters, the ultimate branches numerous, slender; petioles glabrous or sparsely puberulous, 4-15 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic, rounded at the base, abruptly and obtusely acumi- nate, the acumen about 5 mm. long, lustrous above, olivaceous and paler beneath, the about 16 lateral nerves scarcely more prominent than the reticulate veins; staminate aments usually several in 1-2 axillary, racemosely arranged inflorescences, the common peduncle pubescent, 2-4 cm. long; spike peduncle 3 mm. long, the spikes 2-6 cm. long, linear-cylindric; stamens intermixed with variously shaped bracts, these sometimes coherent basally as a pseudoperianth, the rows of stamens bordered by subpeltate bractlets; pistillate flowers in racemiform panicles, often 2-3 in the leaf axils, the rachis pilose, 5-10 cm. long; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, densely pubescent; perianth FLORA OF PERU 315 subtended by 4 broad, membranous-edged bracts, dentate and pubescent; perianth cupulate, glabrous except at the thin, obscurely lobed opening; stigmas 4-5 mm. long; fruit to 22 mm. long, 16 mm. broad, woody, the bracts persisting. C. ilicifolia (Spreng.) Lanj. & Rossb., with acute-based, remotely dentate leaves, and C. Spruceana Lanj., with congested staminate spikes, the pubescence of the pedun- cles reflexed and uncinate, may be expected in Amazonian Peru. Ruiz and Pavon found the very durable and highly desirable wood already known and appreciated, describing the cortex as blood-red, the roots so red that they appeared to have bled. Ducke has observed that the leaves vary in size and acumination. He has described the bark as brown, verrucose, intensely red within as also the branchlets, the wood as yellow, finally becoming brown-yellow, the grain fine. Ruiz and Pavon recorded the vernacular name as "tulpay," Tessmann as "mashonasti," but the usual Brazilian term is "guariuba." Illus- trated, Allem. op. cit. Neg. 29483. Huanuco: Chinchao, Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Pampayacu, Poep- pig. Cochero, Poeppig 1087. Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1885, 1912. Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5433 (det. Mildbraed). La Victoria, Williams 3097, 2684. Rio Acre: Ule 9317. Cultivated from the Ucayali (Ducke; Huber 6977). Brazil. "Capinuri." 11. ANONOCARPUS Ducke A dioecious tree, the staminate flowers in long spikes, the pistillate in elliptic heads forming at maturity a fleshy, subglobose, anona-like fruit. Staminate perianth 2-4-parted. Pistillate perianth fleshy, strongly compressed, obliquely tubular, the truncate apex with an elongate cleft from which are exserted the 2 subsessile stigmas. Anonocarpus amazonicus Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 39. 1922. A tree, the youngest branchlets and petioles somewhat puberu- lent, as also the leaf nerves beneath; petioles to 1 cm. long; leaves obovate-oblong, commonly 10-15 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, charta- ceous; staminate spikes about 1 cm. long or shorter, the white-puberu- lent peduncles 1 cm. long; perianth and bractlets ciliate, about 1.5 mm. long; pistillate peduncle stout, about 1 cm. long, pubescent like the head, the latter to 5 cm. long and 4 cm. thick. Neg. 11628. Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5334. Amazonian Brazil. "Mashunaste." 316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 12. BROSIMUM Sw. Reference: Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 29-30. 1922. Shrubs or trees, marked among the Peruvian genera by the globose receptacles that are composed of numerous crowded, round- ish, thin-edged bractlets intermixed with the sometimes exserted stamens, and contain one or more deeply imbedded pistillate flowers. Brosimopsis S. Moore is similar in aspect but the receptacles are completely staminate or pistillate, the latter containing several flowers; it is allied to Olmedia. There are a number of Amazonian species, mostly very well marked in contrast to the Peruvian one, which seem, except B. echinocarpum, to center around B. guianense (Aubl.) Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 5: 337. 1909, cf. Ducke. Apparently nearest ours is B. Lecointei (B. Le Cointei) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 28. 1922, "aita." It has the small leaves ofB.Tess- mannii, but they are bluntly short-acuminate. Its heartwood is white, finally brownish rose instead of reddish purple as that of typical B. guianense ("bois de lettre" or "nuirapinima"), to which B. Aubletii has been referred. The former, however, has thicker, scarcely (and obtusely) pointed leaves. B. discolor Schott has, appar- ently, no clear difference, but the wood appears to be unknown. From herbarium material and descriptions it seems probable that our Brosimums, as here named, are distinct from B. guianense, to which Poeppig, Miquel, and Huber referred them, unless, in fact, there is but one variable specific entity, as Ducke suggests, for this particular group. He has transferred all the Brazilian species to the earlier name Piratinera Aubl., but Brosimum Sw. was already conserved. Pittier, however (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 99. 1918), retains the Aublet name for those species with 2 or more pistillate flowers, the staminate being provided with a perianth, a logical segregation in view of the acceptance of the presence or absence of a perianth as indicating generic demarcation elsewhere in the family. Ducke with reason rejects the character in this instance, although accepting it elsewhere. Leaves faintly and remotely serrate, the largest 7 cm. wide. B. echinocarpum. Leaves entire. Leaves pubescent beneath. Leaves obtusely acuminate, about 3 cm. wide. . . .B. Aubletii. Leaves acutely acuminate, usually 1.5-2.5 cm. wide. B. Tessmannii. FLORA OF PERU 317 Leaves glabrous beneath. Leaves mostly 5-6.5 cm. wide, pale when dried, oval-elliptic, gradually acuminate B. Uleanum. Leaves mostly 3-4 cm. wide, brownish when dried, oblong-oval, abruptly caudate-acuminate B. paraense. Brosimum Aubletii P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34. 1838. B. guianense (Aubl.) Huber, as to synonymy only. A small tree (as known) with many oblong-obovate, obtusely and shortly acuminate leaves mostly about 7 cm. long, lustrous above, grayish-puberulent beneath; staminate flowers unknown; pistillate peduncle nodding, only equaling the short petiole; bractlets thin at the margins; flowers 2 (always); fruit red, succulent, edible, the 2 seeds globose, smooth. Neg. 11654. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 24-13. Guianas. Brosimum echinocarpum P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34. pi. 148. 1838. A shrub or tree with oblong-ovate leaves, subcuneate at the base and rather gradually long caudate-acuminate, distinctly but remotely serrate, thin, glabrous, to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide; heads axillary, peduncled, the pistillate rigidly setose, the pubescent setae 4-5 mm. long; fruit tuberculate-asperous, orange. Neg. 11656. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2255, type. Brosimum paraense Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 6: 67. 1910. A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules very narrow, elongate, as much as 1.5 cm. long, brown; petioles short, the blades mostly oblong-elliptic and 4.5-10 cm. long, coriaceous, usually lustrous, the numerous lateral nerves diverging at a wide angle; fruiting heads about 12 mm. in diameter, short-stalked. Neg. 11662. Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2252. Forest near Kokamas, Rio Nanay, Williams 725. Forest between Rio Nanay and Rio Napo, Williams 683. Encanto, Fox 93. Amazonian Brazil and the Guianas. "Palo de sangre." There is some doubt regarding the proper determination of the Peruvian tree, but the specimens agree rather well with authentic material of B. paraense, and are probably conspecific. The tree furnishes a valuable timber, used for furniture and other purposes. Brosimum Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 190. 1927. 318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Much \ikeB. discolor, according to the author, but the papery leaves (mostly 6 cm. long) gradually long-acuminate, the lateral nerves about 10; staminate receptacle borne on a slender peduncle 1 cm. long, subglobose, the yellow, peltate bracts numerous above, few below. A tree 25 meters high, the trunk diameter 55 cm., the branches much branched. A "magic tree," eaten by the magicians (Tessmann). Neg. 11667. Loreto: Middle Rio Ucayali, 155 meters, Tessmann 3268, type. Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4860. "Waira caspi." Brosimum Uleanum Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 191. 1927. Glabrous except for the very minutely puberulent young branch- lets, stipules, petioles (5 mm. long), peduncles (scarcely 1 cm.), and tips of the 2 large bracts; leaves usually oval-elliptic, obtuse at the base, short-acuminate, about 8 cm. long and 4-6.5 cm. wide, the 16 lateral nerves prominent beneath; receptacles green, sub- globose, mostly staminate, 1 cm. broad, a few of the peltate bracts 1 mm. wide; stamens numerous, exserted, to over 2 mm. long; style branches puberulent, nearly 2 cm. long. A tree 40 meters high with a trunk diameter of 1.25 meters. In upland forest. Neg. 11688. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4523, type. Rio Acre: Ule 9324. 13. OGCODEIA Bureau Acanthosphaera Warb. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 150. pi. 2. 1907. Pistillate receptacles more or less "spiny" in appearance by the accrescence of the subulate bracteoles; staminate receptacles with broad, seriately arranged bracts. Branchlets usually conspicuously provided with large, stiff stipules. See Mildbraed, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 186. 1927; 11: 418. 1932, for a redefinition of the genus and its relationship with Naucleopsis macrophylla Miq., which apparently is unknown from Peru unless 0. Ulei is a synonym (cf. Ducke, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 30. 1935). It is not clear to me that Ogcodeia is soundly separated; there is too much stress placed perhaps on presence or absence of perianth in one sort of flower and in bract development, especially when the bracteoles here as elsewhere, or the perianth segments when completely divided, may separate the flowers indiscriminately, thus morphologically serving the same purpose. Besides the following there is 0. amara FLORA OF PERU 319 Ducke with leaves 5-10 cm. broad, the lateral nerves 15-18, and the bractlets of the mature receptacle aculeate-linear and 3-5 cm. long. It has a very little latex, and is used as a remedy for fevers under the names "quina" or "balsamo," terms applied also to Quassia amara and Myroxylon peruiferum respectively (Ducke). Another Amazo- nian species has been indicated, 0. caloneura (Huber) Macbr. It suggests 0. Tessmannii, but the young parts and the bracts are puberulent-tomentulose. Leaves mostly 3-6.5 cm. wide, with 15-20 lateral nerves. Petioles rarely 1 cm. long; nerves rather inconspicuous beneath. Leaves cuneate at the base, 3-4 cm. wide. .O.ternstroemiiflora. Leaves rounded at the base, 5-6 cm. wide 0. Tamamuri. Petioles often longer; nerves conspicuous beneath. Leaves rarely 5 cm. wide, the acumen often 2 cm. long. 0. Tessmannii. Leaves often 6-7 cm. wide, the acumen rarely 1.5 cm. long. 0. glabra. Leaves mostly 8-12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 25-30. . . .0. Ulei. Ogcodeia glabra (Spruce) Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 418. 1932. Naucleopsis glabra Spruce in herb. Branchlets and leaves glabrous, the latter coriaceous, with a very prominent costa beneath; lateral nerves 12-14, the veins reticulate; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades 4-6 cm. wide, about 15 cm. long, the acumen 1 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 2 cm. wide; bracts recurving, oblong-lanceolate, acutish, very minutely puberulent, nearly 1.5 cm. long, or the innermost longer; perianth segments puberulent, linear-clavate, 5 mm. long; style 2 mm. long, the branches twice as long. Description of pistillate inflorescence from the following collection, from a tree of 6 meters with brownish yellow flowers. Neg. 11649. Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 257. Amazonian Brazil. Ogcodeia Tamamuri Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 64. 1931. Similar to 0. ternstroemiiflora, but the leaves often 16-17 cm. long and 5-6 cm. wide, and the staminate receptacles geminate. 0. caloneura (Huber) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931, if sought here, is distinguishable by its rusty-tomentulose branchlets. Loreto: Timbuchi on the Rio Nanay, in forest, Williams 992, type. "Tamamuri." 320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 188. 1927. Youngest branchlets minutely puberulent; leaves oblongish, cune- ate at the base, with an acumen 1-1.5 cm. long, with this mostly 12-13 cm. long and 3-4 cm. wide, drying pale brown beneath, densely but not conspicuously reticulate- veined ; staminate receptacles axillary, to 4-fasciculate, on peduncles 5 mm. long, the spiraled bracts about 9, puberulent, oval to orbicular, 5 mm. long; bractlets 1-1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. broad, the blade plicate; filaments 1.5 mm. long, the anthers scarcely 1 mm. long. A small tree, to 5 meters high, or larger, the trunk 20 cm. thick; inflorescences greenish or white or dirty white. Fruit eaten. In upland areas (Tessmann}. Neg. 11650. Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5467, 3228. Iquitos, Tessmann 5358. Rio Maranon near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27525. San Antonio, 110 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 29305. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, King 1131. Soledad, Killip & Smith 29810. "Lana." Amazonian Brazil. Ogcodeia Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 189. 1927; 11: 420. 1932. Similar to 0. ternstroemiiflora but quite glabrous; leaves thinner, with large, conspicuous nerves and veins beneath and glabrous bracts about 7 mm. long; pistillate heads nearly 2.5 cm. wide; bracts and bractlets very minutely puberulent, the larger inner bracts triangular- ovate, acuminate, about 1 cm. long, the perianth segments 4 mm. long, rigid-aculeate; style base 2 mm. long, the branches 6 mm. long. A tree about 8 meters high, the trunk diameter 8 cm.; bracts yellowish. Neg. 11651. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4109, type. Alto Rio Itaya, Williams 3511. "Naccho-huasu." Ogcodeia Ulei (Warb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931. Acanthosphaera Ulei Warb. Verh. Bot.Ver. Brandenb. 48: 150. pi. 2. 1907. Naucleopsis Ulei Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 38. 1922. A small to tall tree with conspicuous, persistent stipules 1.5-2.5 cm. long, acuminate from a broad base, and heavy, oblong-elliptic, glabrous leaves on short, thick petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the blades with many (25-30) parallel lateral nerves and reticulate- veined, especially beneath, several dm. long and 8-15 cm. wide; inflores- cences axillary, sessile, the staminate 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad; FLORA OF PERU 321 stamens with their anthers and acute bractlets prominent, the former 3 mm., the latter 2 mm. long; pistillate inflorescences 5 mm. broad and long, the bractlets rounded at the tip, subasperous; style 2 mm. long, the branches longer; fruit globose, the aculeate bractlets 3.5 cm. broad, 3 cm. long, the bractlets themselves 8 mm. long and 2 wide. Mature fruit pale yellow, sweet, edible (Ducke). The Killip and Smith numbers were determined by Smith as N. macro- phylla, "probably identical with N. Ulei, the specific status of which is doubtful." Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6257; (Ducke}. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 5194; Killip & Smith 28179, 28244. San Antonio, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29300. Amazonian Brazil. 14. PEREBEA Aubl. Trees with usually thick leaves and unisexual, flattish to sub- globose, many-flowered receptacles, the pistillate conspicuously pedunculate. Staminate perianth 4-parted, the pistillate 4-toothed. Ovary semi-inferior or completely free. Style very short, bidentate. The rubber trees, Castillo,, to which one of the following species has been referred, are very similar but the style is typically longer and the stamens are mixed with scales. Filiform stigmas and elongate bracts, the inner exceeding the perianth, are characters that serve to distinguish Noyera. Olmedioperebea Ducke, to be expected, differs in having only 1-4 pistillate flowers, these coalescent; the staminate perianths, too, are very short. In all these characters, other related plants considered, one may see degrees of development rather than fundamental distinctions. Olmedia calophylla P. & E., which probably will be found, may well belong to Perebea (P. calo- phylla Benth. & Hook.). It has heavy, callous-margined leaves, obviously scabrous beneath. P. guianensis Aubl. has already been found on the upper Amazon; its nearly glabrous, very large, and thin leaves are somewhat serrate and its ovary is completely superior (Ducke). Leaves distinctly pseudopeltate P. pseudopeltata. Leaves acute at base or merely subcordate. Leaves 20 cm. long or longer. Pubescence neither scabrous nor stellate; leaves subcordate or emarginate at the base. Leaves oblique at the base; stigmas Ungulate. P. Tessmannii. Leaves not oblique; stigmas cushion-shaped P. australis. 322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pubescence of the leaves beneath scabrous or stellate-puberu- lent; leaves rounded to an acute base. Leaves scabrous beneath P. Chimiqua. Leaves stellate-puberulent beneath P. Standleyi. Leaves 10 cm. long or shorter P. elegans. Perebea australis (Hemsl.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931. Castillo, australis Hemsl. in Hook. Icon. IV. 7: pi. 2676. 1901. Young branchlets and leaves silky-tomentose or the latter gla- brous above and hirsute beneath mostly on the costa and lateral nerves; petioles 1 cm. long; blades coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, 30-40 cm. long and 10-20 cm. wide, slightly emarginate at the base, abruptly acuminate; primary nerves 17-19, joined before the undu- late margin, prominent only beneath; pistillate receptacles axillary, solitary, on stipes 2-2.5 cm. long; bracts in several series, acuminate, free or nearly so; perianth free(?), lobed, pubescent; style short, thick, hairy, the stigmas cushion-like. Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 258-260. 1910, cites this species as the only Castilla with cushion-shaped stigmas. The species, as apparently well illustrated, seems to be a typical Perebea. Probably the well known name Cas- tilla, later than Perebea, should be conserved to include the latter group and several other segregates, as remarked elsewhere. "Com- mon in woods," according to the collector, at 1,300-1,700 meters, in January, 1866, but apparently never collected since and the staminate flowers unknown. Cuzco(?): Moro Zungo (Pearce). Junin: Near La Merced, 800- 1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 23877; a tree of 15-20 meters, the trunk 45 cm. in diameter. Perebea Chimiqua Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 63. 1931. Leaves distinctly although finely scabrous-puberulent beneath, shortly caudate-acuminate, not at all cordate at the base, to 25 cm. long and 12 cm. wide, often less than half as large, on petioles 1 cm. long, thinnish; staminate receptacles 2-4 in the axils, short-peduncu- late, 5 mm. wide; bracts broadly ovate, 1.5 mm. wide, scarcely acute, strigose; perianth segments 4, little thickened at the apex; fila- ments very short; anthers subrotund. Near P. guianensis Aubl., with leaves slightly cordate and nerves more or less hirsute. Loreto: San Antonio, Alto Rio Itaya, 145 meters, Williams 3412, type. "Chimiqua." FLORA OF PERU 323 Perebea elegans Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 63. 1931. A tree of 20 meters; young branchlets rusty- tomentulose; petioles 5-7 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic, slightly oblique at the acute base, short-acuminate, to 5 cm. wide, slightly puberulent on the reticu- late veins and nerves beneath, the latter about 12; staminate recep- tacles in 3's (mostly), globose, 7 mm. thick, the peduncles nearly 5 mm. long; bracts scale-like; perianth segments 4 mm. long, strongly fleshy-cucullate at the apex, puberulent; filaments 4, thick, 2 exserted. Perhaps nearest P. laurifolia. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 603, type. Perebea pseudopeltata Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 184. 1927. A tree, readily known by its foliage, the lobes, of its deeply cordate leaves so closely investing the petiole apex that is sunken in the leaf base that the leaves appear to be peltate; they are oval-oblong, abruptly acuminate, about 50 cm. long and nearly 25 cm. wide, glabrous above, but appressed setose-pilose and puberulent on the obvious (20-23) lateral nerves and the finely reticulate venation beneath; stipules densely long-silky-pubescent; staminate recep- tacles 6-12-fasciculate on short branchlets, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (young), the many marginal bracts in 2-3 irregular series, about 2.5 mm. long, the outer broader, fewer; perianth segments 4, widened and thickened below the tip. Greenish yellow heads unpleasantly scented. A tree about 15 meters high, branching at 8 meters, the trunk 22 cm. in diameter. In upland woods. Neg. 11680. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, in upland forest, Tessmann 4552, type. Perebea Standleyi Macbr., sp. nov. Arbor; ramulis junioribus pedunculisque fulvo-stellato-tomen- tulosis; petiolis circa 6 mm. longis; foliis circa 30 cm. longis 12 cm. latis, membranaceis, basi rotundato-acutis, apice ignoto, ubique costa subtus excepta minute parceque stellato-puberulenta glabris, nervis lateralibus circa 18 solum subtus cum venis reticulatis promi- nulis; pedunculis circa 1 cm. longis; receptaculis 2 cm. crassis; fructi- bus angulatis obovoideis 1 cm. longis, ad apicem exceptis glabris, apice dense fulvo-stellato-tomentosis 7 mm. crassis. A tree, the branchlet tips and peduncles rusty stellate-tomentu- lose; petioles 6 mm. long; leaves nearly 30 cm. long, 12 cm. wide, rounded to the acute base, the apex unknown, membranous, glabrous 324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII except the minutely and sparsely stellate-puberulent costa beneath; lateral nerves about 18, with the reticulate veins prominent only beneath; peduncles 1 cm. long; fruiting receptacles 2 cm. thick, the angled fruits obovoid, 1 cm. long, glabrous except at the 7 mm. broad apex which is velvety rusty-tomentose. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28340 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 615,971, type). Perebea Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 185. 1927. A tree 25 meters tall, with few branches, the young ones chestnut- colored and appressed-setulose; petioles to 12 mm. long; leaf blades ovate or elliptic-ovate, 25-30 cm. long and usually 12-15 cm. wide, more or less markedly oblique at the base, with an acute acumen as much as 2.5 cm. long, at first somewhat appressed-setulose above, beneath laxly sericeous-setulose on the costa and conspicuous (about 20) lateral nerves and veins; pistillate receptacle 1.5 cm. in diameter, the squamate bracts passing from rotund-ovate to narrowly triangu- lar; perianth urceolate, 5 mm. long, pubescent, the Ungulate stigma 1.5 mm. long, glabrous; staminate receptacles 3-5 in the axils, on peduncles 1.5 cm. long, somewhat hispid-pilose, 8-12 mm. broad, the bracts similar but fewer than in the pistillate; perianth segments rounded at the tip, tomentose, 2 of them broader; filaments rigid, connate at the base. Var. Ulei Mildbr. (Rio Acre) has smaller leaves with 15-16 nerves, the midrib pubescence beneath spreading. Trunk diameter to 31 cm.; branching at 12 meters. In upland forests. The Klug specimen has leaves to 40 cm. long, distinctly cordate at the base, the basal lobes overlapping, and suggests P. pseudopeltata. Neg. 11681. San Martin: Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2719 (det. Standley). Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4174, 4601. Rio Acre: Ule 9325. 15. GASTILLA Cervantes Reference: Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 247-279. 1910. Very similar to Perebea, but the single Peruvian species distin- guished by the short, harsh pubescence on the upper surface of at least all but the oldest leaves. Ducke has remarked that the foliage of P. guianensis, as yet not known from Peru, is, however, similar to that of C. Ulei, and this similarity probably substantiates the suggestion that the genera are not natural (see remarks under Pere- FLORA OF PERU 325 bea}. In Central America the genus is a source of rubber. The name has been written Castilloa. Castilla Ulei Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 35: 674. 1905. Branchlets more or less rusty-hispid, glabrous in age; petioles 5 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate or apiculate, 10-25 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, appressed-tomentose beneath; fruit solitary, axillary, subglobose, 2 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, the 3-5 seeds 12 mm. long, 6 mm. wide. Illustrated, loc. cit.; Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: pi. 22. Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1802. Rio Acre: Ule 9318. Brazil. "Caucho negro," "caucho." 16. NOYERA Trecul A tree with the foliage of the Peruvian species of Castilla, but the interior bracts of both sorts of receptacles much longer than the outer and the staminate receptacles long-peduncled. Style branches (stigmas) long and slender. Noyera mollis (Poepp.) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 37. 1922. Olmedia mollis Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 31. pi 144- 1838. Branchlets hirsute; leaves subsessile, oblong, acute, about 20 cm. long, 7 cm. wide, pustulate-setulose above, hirsute beneath; staminate receptacles several, fasciculate, with linear interior bracts; perianth 3-4-parted; stamens 2-4; pistillate receptacles sessile, 8-12-flowered; ovary semi-inferior. A tree as much as 20 meters high, with an abundant, grayish yellow latex, the pale yellow wood worthless; mature fruits greenish yellow, the drupes separating easily (Ducke). At Obidos called "muiratinga da terra firma" (Ducke). Neg. 11687. Loreto: Tessmann 5465 (det. Mildbraed). Amazonian Brazil. "Caucho-rana." 17. PSEUDOLMEDIA Trecul Small to large trees with smooth, puberulent, or sparsely hir- tellous leaves and small, unisexual, bracteate receptacles, the pistil- late 1 (-3) -flowered, and the bracts of these all tiny, those of the staminate often elongate, at least the interior. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Olmedioperebea Ducke is similar to this and Olmedia but the pistillate flowers if more than 1 (1-4) are concrescent, the stigmas are short and thick, and bracteoles are lacking in both sorts of receptacles. It is nearly Perebea except for its few-flowered pistil- late receptacles, and its existence suggests that Perebea must naturally 326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII include all the Olmedieae, including Castilla, which well-known name ought to be conserved for the genus, sens. lat. The latter, as well denned by Pittier, illustrates the great variation in characters else- where accepted as of generic import. There is no sound distinction between these small groups. The recently redefined Ogcodeia may have some merit as a segregate because of its exaggerated bracteole development and divided perianths, but these are relative develop- ments, as is illustrated in the case of the former by Perebea acantho- gyne Ducke. Petioles 2-5 mm. long; leaf areoles shallow. Branchlets and leaves glabrous, the latter mostly 2-4 cm. wide. Leaves thin, 2-3 cm. wide P. laevigata. Leaves thick, mostly 4-4.5 cm. wide P. Mildbraedii. Branchlets and leaves (5-10 cm. wide) somewhat pubescent, not distinctly scabrous. Pubescence of appressed puberulence P. macrophylla. Pubescence sparse, hirtellous, evanescent P. laevis. Branchlets and leaves distinctly scabrous P. scabra. Petioles 8-10 mm. long; leaf areoles very deep P. multinervis. Pseudolmedia laevigata Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 131. 1847. Similar to P. laevis but glabrous and with thinnish, much smaller, oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate leaves with an acute, slightly oblique base, 5-9 cm. long; lateral nerves 15-18, not prominent; staminate receptacles sessile, 2-several, the roundish bracts appressed- puberulent, with scarious, ciliate-subfimbriate margins. P. Huberi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931 (P. obliqua [Huber] Ducke, not [Karst.] Benth. & Hook.) has broader leaves, very oblique at the rounded or truncate base. Peru: (Pawn?}, Herb. Webb (type). Loreto: Iquitos, Ducke 751 3 (?). Without locality: Weberbauer 6965. Pseudolmedia laevis (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931. Olmedia laevis R. & P. Syst. 258. 1798. Young branchlets subcompressed, hirsute with spreading hairs, the leaves beneath on the conspicuous lateral nerves (15-18) sparsely so but subappressed or finally glabrous; leaves subcordate or rotund at the base, gradually acuminate, rather thick, about 15 cm. long and half as wide; pistillate receptacles sessile in the leaf axils, the bract- FLORA OF PERU 327 lets strigose, the perianth densely soft-pubescent. Perhaps only a single variable species is concerned with this, together with P. laevigata and P. macrophylla. P. ferruginea (P. & E.) Tre'cul, to be expected, is similar to P. laevis, but the branchlets are hirsute and the leaves are very oblique at the base. The trunk of P. laevis on incision yields abundantly a white latex which on exposure to the air condenses into an elastic resin, reddish chestnut in color (Ruiz & Pavon). Neg. 11670. Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1899. Huanuco: Posuso region, Ruiz & Pavon. San Martin: Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, King 3819; a tree of 15 meters. Pseudolmedia macrophylla Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 132. 1847. A tree or shrub with densely appressed-pubescent branchlets (eventually glabrate) prominently marked by the stipular scars; leaves oblong-elliptic, subrotund at the base, rather abruptly acumi- nate, with a linear, obtuse tip, appressed-pubescent beneath on the nerves, 15-20 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 17-18; staminate receptacles geminate, 7-8 mm. broad, the roundish bracts densely yellowish appressed-pubescent. Neg. 18815. Peru: (Pavdn). Pseudolmedia Mildbraedii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 61. 1931. A tree about 15 meters high, the staminate receptacles star-like, the light yellow stamens and several narrow bracts spreading as points; leaves 8-9 cm. long, the 15 lateral nerves conspicuous, as also the reticulate venation above, not at all oblique at the acute base, obtusely and broadly caudate at the apex or shortly obtuse- acuminate; bracts thin but not scarious and obscurely ciliate on the margins. Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 633, type. Pseudolmedia multinervis Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 189. 1927. A tree sometimes 60 meters high, with a trunk diameter of 1 meter, the densely leafy branchlets closely and persistently hirsute; leaves ovate-oblong-lanceolate, mostly obliquely rounded at the base, more or less gradually acuminate, usually 9-14 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, above glabrous except on the sunken costa, which is strongly 328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII hirsute beneath, the 17-22 conspicuous nerves less so, the areoles between the numerous veins deeply granulate-rugulose; staminate receptacles 1-1.5 cm. wide, the principal bracts broadly triangular, sericeous-pubescent, as also the tips of the (2-3 mm. long) spatulate bractlets; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long, apiculate, glabrous. In upland forest. Fruit eaten. Neg. 11671. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4697. Soledad, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29809. Fortaleza, Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4379. Rio Acre: Ule 9322. "Chimicua," "itauba amarilla." Pseudolmedia scabra Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 62. 1931. A tree of 4 meters, readily recognizable by the dense and fine but "sticky," scabrous puberulence that covers the leaves on both sides; leaves oblong-elliptic, equal and acute at the base, obtuse or nearly so at the apex, finally 11 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, paler beneath, the 9 lateral nerves and veins prominent; staminate receptacles axillary, 2-3, on peduncles 5-7 mm. long, globose, 5 mm. thick; bractlets little thickened at the apex, 1 mm. long; filaments slender, nearly 1.5 mm. long, the anthers nearly 1 mm. long. Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, King 384, type. 18. OLMEDIA R. & P. Very much like Pseudolmedia in aspect, but the staminate flowers ebracteolate and the ovary free. 0. calophylla P. & E. (possibly a Perebea) is well marked by its large, thick leaves, lustrous above, opaque and scabrous beneath, and with a definite cartilaginous margin. Leaves glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. wide '. 0. angustifolia. Leaves scabrous, at least beneath, mostly wider. Leaves somewhat scabrous-pubescent, even above 0. aspera. Leaves smooth above 0. Poeppigiana. Olmedia angustifolia P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 30. pi. 143. 1838. A small tree with slender, flexuous branchlets, the youngest strigose-puberulent, and with numerous thin, oblong, entire (or with 1 or 2 remote teeth toward the tip) leaves mostly 8-10 cm. long, acute at the base, caudately acuminate, the tip often 1.5 cm. long; receptacles with ovate-deltoid, sparsely strigillose bracts and many silky-pubescent flowers. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2270, type. FLORA OF PERU 329 Olmedia aspera R. & P. Syst. 257. 1798. Very well marked by the extremely scabrous leaves and, to a less extent, the younger branchlets; leaves thinnish, obscurely and remotely toothed, often 15 cm. long and 4-6 cm. wide or larger; staminate receptacles sessile or nearly so. A shrub or tree of 3-10 meters (Ule) . Incised, the trunk emits copiously a white latex similar to that of Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pavon). A large tree; the inner bark, beaten and washed, used for making mats in which the Indians carry their baggage on journeys, to serve them in place of beds (Huber). Neg. 11674. Huanuco: Posuso and Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavon. Cochero, Poeppig 1267. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5269; Weberbauer 1916, 1871; Killip & Smith 23464, 23816. Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 273, 272. Colonia Perene*, 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25057. Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 25369. Colonia Perene, Weberbauer 91. San Martin: Rio Chipurana, Huber 1548. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7195, 7082. Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams 6022, 6019, 6544. Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3787. Without locality: Weber- bauer 7059. Ecuador to Bolivia. "Llanchama," "minshi-pata." Olmedia Poeppigiana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 525. 1847. Probably only a variety or form of the above. Of greater interest is the related gigantic tree, 0. maxima Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 32. pi. 3. 1922, "muiratinga" of the Amazon, with a yellowish white wood, said to be valueless. Its rather abruptly acuminate leaves are minutely pilose or glabrate beneath and the staminate receptacles are pedunculate, with a few small, tomentulose bracts at the base. Neg. 11677. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1267. Loreto: Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 3914- 19. HELICOSTYLIS Trecul A tree similar to Perebea, but the stigmas long and slender and somewhat contorted. The typical and Peruvian species is dis- tinguishable, however, by the characteristic reddish brown tomentum of the receptacles and growing parts, which is at least less markedly present in other Moraceous genera. Helicostylis tomentosa (P. & E.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931. Olmedia tomentosa P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 32. pi. 145. 1838. H. Poeppigiana Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 134. 1847. 330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Typically a large tree, the petioles, leaves beneath (on the prominent nerves and veins), peduncles, and receptacles reddish velvety-pubescent; leaf blades oblong, acute at the base, acuminate, glabrous above except on the 11-16 nerves, 8-18 cm. long, 4-6 cm. broad; petioles 6-10 mm. long; staminate receptacles 3-10-fascicu- late, the peduncles 5-13 mm. long; pistillate receptacles solitary, globose. The Rivero plant is a variety with puberulent branchlets, elliptic-oblong leaves subrotund at the base, abruptly acuminate, glabrous above and shortly hirtellous or glabrate beneath, 12-25 cm. long, 5.5-9 cm. broad, on petioles 1.5 cm. long. The specimen may be rather a Perebea. Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, 180 meters, in forest, a tree of 5 meters, King 2295(1}. Without locality: (Rivero]. Brazil; British Guiana. 20. TRYMATOCOCCUS P. & E. Reference: Lanjouw, Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 32: 262-272. 1935. Generally a small tree with oblongish, acuminate, undulate, very shortly petioled leaves and solitary, short-pediceled, subglobose, nodding receptacles. Pistillate flowers deeply immersed, the perianth wanting, the staminate 3-lobed, with 3 stamens. Ducke has recorded an abundant latex, which Poeppig did not find, perhaps testing only young, fertile branches. Trymatococcus amazonicus P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 30. pi 142. 1838. Leaves rigid, glabrous, or slightly lepidote above, to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. broad, or often smaller, conspicuously yellowish net- veined beneath; stamens included, the filaments coalescent below; style exserted, bifid; fruit hard, 1-seeded, about 2 cm. thick. T. turbinatus (Baill.) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 73. 1922, has tomentose branchlets and petioles and much larger (2.5-3 cm. across in fruit) receptacles that are velvety-pubescent. The thickly veined, obovate-elliptic leaves of T. paraensis Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 22. 1922, are mostly smaller, being only 4-5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, and the latex is greenish. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 3895. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2718. Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5350, 5354 (det. Mildbraed); (Ducke 7537); Killip & Smith 26997. Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2630, type; at 135 meters, Killip & Smith 29052, 29114; in forest, Williams 4525, 3875. Punchana, 120 meters, in forest, FLORA OF PERU 331 Williams 3767. Pebas, Williams 1882. San Juan, Williams 3735. La Victoria, edge of forest, Williams 2965. Brazil. 49. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family By E. P. Killip References: Weddell, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 197-232. 1852; IV. 1: 173-212. 1854; Arch. Mus. Paris 9. 1856-1857; DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 32-235. 1869; Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 43-170. 1852- 1856; Killip, "Notes on Peruvian Urticaceae of the Marshall Field Exploration," Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 48-56. 1925. Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes armed with stinging hairs and often bearing cystoliths; leaves simple, alternate, with those of the adjacent nodes often unequal, or opposite, with those of a pair often unequal, entire, toothed, or rarely lobed, stipulate; flowers small, greenish or greenish white, in unisexual or androgynous clusters, the perianth 2-5-lobed or parted, or sometimes wanting; fruit an achene. Leaves opposite, those of a pair often unequal; plants mostly herba- ceous. Plants armed with stinging hairs; perianth of pistillate flowers 4- parted 1. Urtica. Plants without stinging hairs; perianth of pistillate flowers 3-parted, or tubular and 2-4-dentate. Stigma short-penicillate; inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or capituliform; plants usually herbaceous 2. Pilea. Stigma filiform; flowers in sessile clusters in the leaf axils or in spikes; plants woody 3. Boehmeria. Leaves alternate. Perianth of pistillate flowers none. Flowers in axillary glomerules 4. Phenax. Flowers in long, slender spikes 5. Myriocarpa. Perianth of pistillate flowers present. Plants woody. Stigma sessile, penicillate; plants usually armed with stinging hairs 6. Urera. Stigma filiform; plants without stinging hairs. Pistillate perianth strongly nerved ; achenes crustaceous, light brown to white; leaves entire (toothed in one Peruvian species), those of the adjacent nodes subequal. 7. Pouzolzia. 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pistillate perianth nerveless; leaves toothed, those of the adjacent nodes often very unequal 3. Boehmeria. Plants herbaceous. Leaves toothed ; plants armed with stinging hairs; inflorescence paniculate 8. Fleurya. Leaves entire; plants unarmed; inflorescence glomerulate. 9. Parietaria. 1. URTICA L. Nettle Annual or perennial herbs armed with stinging hairs; leaves petiolate, toothed or incised; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flowers in androgynous or unisexual clusters, axillary and subsessile, or forming elongate spikes or panicles, 4-parted. Leaves flabellate-incised, the segments lobed U. flabellata. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or cordate. Inflorescences unisexual; leaves rufo-hirsutulous beneath. U. Macbridei. Inflorescences androgynous; leaves glabrous, or pilose or pilosulous with pale hairs. Achenes not more than 1 mm. long, very slightly flattened; leaves thick, usually rugose-bullate U. echinata. Achenes 1.2-2 mm. long, strongly flattened; leaves thin, flat. Leaves incised-dentate; flowers in glomerules; plants annual. U. urens. Leaves coarsely dentate or serrate; flowers in glomerules or elongate spikes; plants perennial U. magellanica. Urtica echinata Benth. PI. Hartw. 252. 1846. U. andicola Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 198. 1852. An annual herb up to 40 cm. high, usually densely covered throughout with stinging hairs; stem pilosulous; leaves ovate or ovate-orbicular, 0.5-3 cm. long, coarsely dentate, acute, usually rugose-bullate and pubescent beneath; flowers in sessile, androgyn- ous clusters shorter than the petioles; achenes 0.8-1 mm. long, apiculate, very slightly compressed. Huanuco: Bafios, Wilkes Expedition. Junin: At 4,000 meters, Mackenzie in 1924. Arequipa: Nevado de Chachani, 4,200 meters, Pennell 13289. Tacna: Volcan Tacora, 4,000-4,500 meters, Weddell 4440 (type of U. andicola); Werdermann 1147. Cuzco: Cordilleras del Pachatusan, 4,400 meters, Herrera 2578. Also in Ecuador and Bolivia. FLORA OF PERU 333 Urtica flabellata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 40. 1817. An annual, branched from the base, sparingly bristly on the stem, densely so on the foliage; leaves thick, flabellate-incised, with the segments sub trilobate, rugose-bullate; panicles androgynous, densely flowered, shorter than the petioles; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long, acute, strongly flattened. Huanuco: Pampas de Bombon, Ruiz & Pavon. Junin: Raimondi 1186. Huancayo, 3,400 meters, Killip & Smith 22118. Cuzco: Paucartambo Valley, 3,600 meters, Herrera 2321. Puno: San Antonio, Lechler 1802. Sandia, Weberbauer 969. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon; Gay 979. Also in southern Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Urtica Macbridei Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 49. 1925. An erect herb, about 1.5 meters high, armed with a few weak bristles; leaves sparse, cordate-ovate, 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, acuminate, crenate, densely hirsutulous on the nerves and veins beneath; plants monoecious, the flower spikes unisexual, the stami- nate spikes 12-15 cm. long, in the upper axils, the pistillate 3-3.5 cm. long, in the lower axils; achenes 1 mm. long. Huanuco: Mufia, 2,400 meters, 4271 (type). Urtica magellanica Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 223. 1816. A perennial herb, up to 80 cm. high, the stem glabrous or pubes- cent, sparingly or sometimes densely armed with bristles; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate, cordate or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate or dentate; flowers in androgynous glomerules or slender spikes, the staminate flowers about 2 mm. wide; achenes 1.2-1.5 mm. long, strongly compressed. Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi 4101. Tambillo, Raimondi 4340, 4392, 7053. Lima: Rio Blanco, 3,300 meters, Killip & Smith 21629. Huanuco: Llata, 2,100 meters, 2268. Junin: La Oroya, Rose 1 8699. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 636, 798, 1204. Cuzco, Herrera 533, 679. Puno: Puno, Soukup 12. Dept. uncertain: San Damian, 2,400-3,000 meters, Hrdlicka in 1913. Without locality: Gay 589, 2159. Also in Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. "Apiquisa," "eelula quisa," "quisa," "mula-quisa," "yana-quisa." These specimens show much variation in the length of the inflorescences, and perhaps more than a single species is represented. U. ballotaefolia, a common plant of Colombia, is similar to U. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII magellanica, and some of the Peruvian material listed above has been referred to it. Other specimens have been cited in literature as U. bracteata Steud. Urtica urens L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753. An erect or ascending annual, 15-50 cm. high, with a simple or few-branched stem; leaves crowded, oval, 2-5 cm. long, 0.6-3 cm. wide, rarely larger, rounded or acute at the ends, incised-dentate; panicles androgynous, subsessile, usually shorter than the petioles; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long. Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, 11 '4. Surco, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 21534. Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500 meters, Killip & Smith 21627, 21709. Junin: La Oroya, 3,650 meters, 974. Tarma, 3,100 meters, Killip & Smith 21781. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 778, 788, 1202. Cuzco, Hen era 305. Without locality: Humboldt & Bonpland; Lechler 1803; Savatier; Gay 2285. Introduced from Europe and widely distributed in the New World. "Quisa," "cohuiquisa," "ortiga menor." 2. PILEA Lindl. Reference: Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 367-394. 1936. Annual or perennial, monoecious or dioecious, usually succulent herbs, sometimes suffrutescent; leaves opposite, entire or toothed, trinerved or triplinerved, occasionally penninerved, those of a pair sometimes unequal and dissimilar; flowers in clusters, rarely solitary, forming dense heads, cymes, panicles, or umbels, which are andro- gynous or unisexual; staminate flowers 4 (rarely 2-3)-parted, the pistillate normally 3-parted, the segments unequal, the stigma short- penicillate, sessile; achenes compressed. Leaves all entire, usually less than 1 cm. long. Leaves faintly 1-nerved. Cymes sessile or subsessile; leaves, at least the larger one of a pair, obovate or oblong, cuneate. Cystoliths not elevated, very faint on under surface of the leaves; plant suberect, up to 30 cm. high . . P. microphylla. Cystoliths strongly elevated on both surfaces of the leaves; plant lax, the branches 50 cm. or more long . . P. foliosa. Cymes pedunculate; leaves nearly globular, appearing orbicular when dry P. serpyllacea. Leaves trinerved. Staminate flowers borne singly or in pairs; leaves cordiform; plant prostrate, much branched P. nerteroides. FLORA OF PERU 335 Staminate flowers in sessile, androgynous heads; plant erect, unbranched P. nitida. Leaves (at least the larger one of a pair) toothed, sometimes sub- entire in P. marginata. A. Leaves of a pair dissimilar or very unequal, the larger more than twice as long as the smaller. Plants with densely pubescent branches and petioles; stipules more than 2 mm. long, subpersistent. Leaves less than 7 mm. long, the cystoliths conspicuous. P. pulegifolia. Leaves 1-3 cm. long, the cystoliths faint beneath. P. ramosissima. Plants glabrous throughout. Foliar cystoliths none P. Weberbaueri. Foliar cystoliths present. Larger leaves at a node not more than 4 mm. wide. P. diversifolia. Larger leaves at a node more than 4 mm. wide. Leaves appearing to be in fours at the nodes, owing to the presence of a short branchlet bearing a pair of leaves P. nutans. Leaves otherwise. Smaller leaf of a pair oblique, subentire; pistillate cymes sessile. Larger leaves very oblique, more than 7 cm. long, fully 7 times longer than the smaller ones. P. Bassleriana. Larger leaves symmetrical or nearly so, less than 7 cm. long, and proportionately shorter. P. imparifolia. Smaller leaf symmetrical, toothed; pistillate cymes peduncled. Cystoliths all punctiform P. pichisana. Cystoliths linear or fusiform, occasionally puncti- form ones intermingled. Achenes longitudinally costate; larger leaves not more than 3.5 cm. long P. costata. 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Achenes, as far as known, ecostate; larger leaves more than 3.5 cm. long. Larger leaves more than 3.5 cm. wide, more than 5 times longer than the smaller ones. P. Haenkei. Larger leaves not more than 3.5 cm. wide, less than 5 times longer than the smaller ones. P. macrocystolithica. A. Leaves of a node similar and equal or, if unequal, the larger one not more than twice as long as the smaller. B. Leaves averaging not more than 2 cm. long, usually massed at the end of the stem or branches; plants slender, usually prostrate or repent, the branches scarcely 10 cm. long. Cymes androgynous; leaves coarsely crenate-dentate; stem unbranched P. lamioides. Cymes usually unisexual; leaves serrulate or crenate-ser- rulate; stem usually branched. Pistillate cymes sessile P. Dombeyana. Pistillate cymes peduncled. Stem long-repent and rooting at most of the nodes, the leaves rather evenly spaced out . . P. nummularifolia. Stem repent only in the lower part, the leaves massed at the end of the stem and branches. Stem densely pubescent P. strigosa. Stem glabrous. Cystoliths on lower surface of leaves linear or fusi- form. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, toothed nearly to the base, the cystoliths inconspicu- ous P. dauciodora. Leaves spatulate, rhombic, or suborbicular, toothed only in the upper half, the cystoliths conspicuous P. Fendleri. Cystoliths on lower surface of leaves punctiform. Achenes less than 1 mm. wide; leaves suborbicular or subreniform ; plants monoecious . . P. pusilla. Achenes more than 1 mm. wide; leaves ovate- lanceolate; plants apparently dioecious. P. delicatula. FLORA OF PERU 337 B. Leaves averaging more than 2 cm. long; plants erect, more than 10 cm. high, usually leafy throughout. C. Plants glabrous throughout. Leaves coarsely and sharply serrate-dentate; inflorescence androgynous, sessile, much shorter than the petioles; plants annual, with a simple stem P. hyalina. Leaves not coarsely and sharply serrate-dentate; inflores- cence unisexual, pedunculate. Staminate flowers in dense, globose heads, these solitary and long-peduncled or forming a once or twice branched cyme. Plants dioecious; pistillate inflorescences diffuse, longer than the petioles P. minutiflora. Plants monoecious; pistillate inflorescences compact, short-peduncled P. Macbridei. Staminate flowers in cymes or panicles. Cystoliths stellate, 3-rayed; leaves subentire or denti- culate only toward the apex P. marginata. Cystoliths simple; leaves definitely toothed. Stem verrucose-roughened, woody; leaves averaging less than 3 cm. long P. verrucosa. Stem smooth, usually herbaceous; leaves longer. Leaves sessile or subsessile, sometimes clasping. P. subamplexicaulis. Leaves distinctly petioled, never clasping. Leaves ovate, triplinerved well above the base; inflorescences usually shorter than the petioles P. punctata. Leaves trinerved or subtriplinerved near the base; inflorescences longer than the petioles. Cystoliths of upper surface of leaves more than 0.5 mm. long, coarse, all fusiform; leaves thick-carnose P. suffruticosa. Cystoliths of upper surface of leaves shorter and finer, linear, fusiform, or punctiform; leaves usually of a thinner texture. Achenes minute, about 0.5 mm. long; leaves cordulate . . .P. citriodora. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Achenes 1-1.5 mm. long; leaves narrowed at the base. Stipules 3-10 mm. long, persistent. P. Poeppigiana. Stipules less than 3 mm. long, soon deciduous P. multiflora. C. Plants pubescent throughout, or at least with some indument on either the stem, leaves, or inflorescence. Leaves of nearly equal size at all the nodes, the internodes subequal, the inflorescence not confined to the upper axils. Plant annual, slender, with a pellucid stem; cymes androgynous; leaves sharply serrate-dentate. P. hyalina. Plant perennial, with a coarse stem. Stem succulent, essentially glabrous ... P. cushiensis. Stem ligneous or subligneous, densely rufo-hirsute. Leaves short-acuminate; plants monoecious, the staminate flowers in a dense, globose head. P. Pavonii. Leaves caudate-acuminate; plants dioecious, the staminate flowers in panicles P. hirsuta. Leaves massed at the end of the stem and branches, or a few, much smaller, at the lower nodes; inflorescence mainly in the upper axils. Staminate inflorescence borne at the rooting, leafless nodes, the perianth lobes about 2 mm. long. P. submissa. Staminate inflorescence borne with the pistillate at the upper nodes, or the flowers mixed with the pistillate ones. Cystoliths on upper surface of leaves all linear or fusi- form, not elevated P. pubescens. Cystoliths on upper surface of leaves punctiform or a few fusiform, elevated. Leaves acuminate, densely hirsute above. P. ceratocalyx. Leaves obtuse or subacute, glabrous above. P. Spruceana. FLORA OF PERU 339 Pilea Bassleriana Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 381. 1936. A coarse, succulent, glabrous herb, up to 50 cm. high, terrestrial or on tree trunks; leaves of a node very unequal and dissimilar, the larger elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, caudate-acuminate, subsessile or short-petioled, coarsely crenate-serrate, the smaller ones orbicular-reniform, 5-15 mm. long, strongly oblique, sessile; plants monoecious or dioecious; staminate cymes borne along the naked rooting portion of the stem, pedunculate; pistillate cymes sessile in the axils of the leaves. Loreto: Balsapuerto, 150-300 meters, Killip & Smith 28429, 28467, 28471 (type); King 2870. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28993. Pongo de Manseriche, Killip, Smith & Dennis, 29145; Mexia 6355, 6360; Tessmann 4603. Mouth of Rio Pastaza (Killip, Smith & Dennis, 29196). Pilea ceratocalyx Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 148. 1869. A low herb, densely grayish-hirsute throughout; leaves oblong or elliptic-ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base, sharply serrate, the cystoliths fusiform and punctiform; plants monoecious, the cymes apparently unisexual, the staminate compact, subsessile, the pistillate pedunculate, much longer than the adjacent petiole. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1032. Without locality: Poeppig 3046 (type). These specimens are variously labeled "Peru" and "Brazil" in herbaria. The general relationship is with the Peruvian species. Pilea citriodora Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 216. 1852. Urtica limoniodora Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. P. tar- mensis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 51. 1925. An erect, glabrous herb up to 60 cm. high, the stem un- branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, obtuse or short-acuminate, cordulate, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths fusiform, linear, and punctiform; plants dioecious, both the staminate and pistillate flowers borne in diffuse, long-peduncled panicles. Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig 1260. Junin: Huacapistana, Province of Tarma, 2,800 meters, 5822 (type of P. tarmensis); Weberbauer 1776a. Chanchamayo, Raimondi 2398. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon (type). Pilea costata Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 382. 1936. A succulent, glabrous herb about 50 cm. high, branched toward the apex; leaves of a node unequal and dissimilar, crenate-serrate 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nearly to the base, the cystoliths linear, the larger leaf lance-elliptic, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. wide, acuminate, the smaller one ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse or subacute; plants dioecious, the pistillate cymes 3-4 mm. wide, sessile or nearly so; achenes longitudinally costate. Junin: Enenas, Pichis Trail, 1,700 meters, Killip & Smith 25638 (type). Pilea cushiensis Killip, sp. nov. Herba dioica, caule foliato, infra glabro, ad apicem sparse rufo- hirsutulo; folia elliptico-ovata, crenato-serrata, triplinervia, supra glabra, subtus in costis sparse rufo-hirsutula, cystolithis linearibus, creberrimis; inflorescentiae paniculiformes, in axillis fere omnibus. A succulent, perennial herb 1-1.5 meters high; stem sparsely rufo-hirsutulous toward the apex, otherwise glabrous; stipules ovate, about 3 mm. long, obtuse, soon deciduous; leaves of a node similar and subequal, elliptic-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, acumi- nate, nan-owed to a cordulate base, coarsely crenate-serrate, tri- plinerved (lateral nerves extending to the upper quarter of the blade), the cystoliths linear, dense, faint beneath, the petioles 2-12 cm. long, those at a node often very unequal; plants dioecious, the staminate inflorescences borne in most of the axils, paniculiform, about 3 cm. long (not fully developed), rufo-hirsutulous, the perianth segments suborbicular. Huanuco: Cuschi, about 1,500 meters, June 19-23, 1923, on forest floor, Macbride 4826 (type, Field Mus. No. 535,863). In the key to the Andean species of Pilea (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 368-376. 1936) this species would be placed at the very end, being differentiated from the Colombian P. Castronis by the shape of the leaves and the cystolithic marking, and by having a more diffuse inflorescence. Pilea dauciodora (R. & P.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 223. 1852. Urtica dauciodora R. & P. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. P. uncidens Wedd. op. cit. 224. P. dauciodora var. uncidens Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 138. 1869. A slender plant, often forming mats, glabrous throughout; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, averaging 1.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, crenate-serrate, densely covered with linear and fusiform cystoliths; plants monoecious or dioecious, the clusters unisexual, though often both kinds borne at the same axils, rarely androgynous, slender-peduncled . FLORA OF PERU 341 Huanuco: Muna, 2,000 meters, 4117. Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800-2,700 meters, Kittip & Smith 24160, 24408. Acobamba, Rai- mondi 2800. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22439. Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 753. Without locality : "Andes," Ruiz & Pavdn (type) ; Spruce. Also in Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, and Bolivia. Pilea delicatula Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 51. 1925. A slender, glabrous herb, up to 10 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceo- late, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute, sharply mucronate-serrate, the cystoliths of the upper surface linear, faint, those of the lower surface puncti- form; plants apparently dioecious; pistillate flowers in small, globose, short-peduncled cymes. Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4,000 meters, 4400 (type). Pilea diversifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 212. 1852. A lax, much branched, glabrous herb, the stem up to 1.5 meters long; larger leaves of a node narrowly cuneate-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, coarsely 3-7-toothed, 1-nerved, the smaller leaves suborbicular, 3-5 mm. wide, entire or few-toothed, faintly triplinerved; cystoliths linear; plants dioecious; pistillate flowers in short-peduncled cymes. Huanuco: Muna, 2,100 meters, 3984- Junin: Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith 25885. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Kittip & Smith 22357. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon (type). Pilea Dombeyana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 221. 1852. P. orbiculata Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 53. 1925. A low, succulent herb; stipules broadly ovate, persistent; leaves borne mostly near the ends of the branches, nearly orbicular, 7-25 mm. wide, short-petiolate, the cystoliths faint, fusiform; plants monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences unisexual, the staminate flowers sessile in globose clusters in a few-branched panicle, the pistillate in small, densely flowered, sessile cymes. Huanuco: Chasqui, 3289 (type of P. orbiculata). Dept. uncer- tain: Between Callcan and Pelechuco, 3,600 meters, Pearce in 1864; "Andes," Dombey (type). Without locality: MacLean; "Herb. Hooker 2031." Pilea Fendleri Killip, nom. nov. Urtica dichroa Poepp. ex Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 61. 1869, as synonym. P. dauciodora var. 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII crenata Wedd. op. cit. 139, not P. crenata Britt. & Wils. P. daucio- dora var. pilosula Wedd. loc. cit. P. leptophylla Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 387. 1936, not Urban. A very slender plant, with the stem repent toward the base, at length ascending and few-several-branched ; leaves rotund-spatulate, rhombic-orbicular or nearly orbicular, 5-20 mm. long, subequal at a node, cuneate, crenate or crenate-serrate above the middle, thin, glabrous or sparsely pilosulous with hyaline hairs, the cystoliths linear or fusiform, conspicuous; plants monoecious or dioecious, the heads unisexual or androgynous, peduncled in the upper axils. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1552. Without locality: Poeppig 1383. Also in Venezuela and Colombia. In a list in the Prodromus of species excluded from Urtica Weddell gives U. dichroa Poepp., an herbarium name apparently, as equaling Pilea nummularifolia. He does not, however, cite the name in the synonymy of the latter. Poeppig's No. 1552, in the Vienna herbarium, bears this name in Poeppig's handwriting, though the specimen is clearly not P. nummularifolia. Pilea foliosa Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 377. 1936. A glabrous, succulent herb with lax branches 50-150 cm. long; leaves of a node unequal and dissimilar, the longer obovate, 5-10 mm. long, entire or obscurely undulate, the smaller subreniform, 1.5-3 mm. wide, entire; cystoliths linear, strongly elevated; plants monoecious, the staminate flowers usually solitary, the pistillate solitary or in small, subsessile clusters. Junin: Carpapata, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24400 (type). Huacapistana, 1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 24281. Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 498, 678, 992. Pilea Haenkei Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 384. 1936. A glabrous herb 25 cm. high or more; leaves of a node similar but very unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordulate, crenate- serrate to the base, triplinerved, densely covered with fusiform and punctiform cystoliths above and fusiform ones beneath, the larger leaves 9-13 cm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide, petiolate, the smaller ones 1.5-2 cm. long, subsessile; plants dioecious, the staminate cymes sessile or short-peduncled, densely flowered. Peru, collected in the montana, but the precise locality unknown, Haenke 1870 (type). FLORA OF PERU 343 Pilea hirsuta (Pavon) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 220. 1852. Urtica hirsuta Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. An erect, robust herb, the stem ferruginous- villous; leaves ovate- elliptic, 7-15 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, coarsely serrate, rugulose, fer- ruginous-hirsute on the nerves and veins, the cystoliths fusiform; plants dioecious, the staminate and pistillate inflorescences similar, paniculate, slightly longer than the adjacent petiole. Peru, without locality, Ruiz (type). Pilea hyalina Fenzl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw. (Wien) 1: 256. 1850. Urtica arvensis Poepp. ex Fenzl, loc. cit., as synonym. A slender, erect annual, the stem unbranched, pellucid, glabrous; leaves rhombic-elliptic or ovate, 1-6 cm. long, 0.8-4.5 cm. wide, acute, cuneate, coarsely serrate-dentate, thin-membranous, glabrous, or sparsely hyaline-strigillose above, the cystoliths linear, faint; plants monoecious, the inflorescences androgynous, cymose-pani- culate, much shorter than the petioles. Amazonas: Moyobamba, Mathews 1555, San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7149. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1539. Jum'n: La Merced, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 23593. San Ramon, 1,600 meters, Killip & Smith 24676. Yapas, Pichis Trail, 1,400 meters, Killip & Smith 25580. Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters, Killip & Smith 22746. Without locality: Mathews 2032; Gay; Ruiz & Pavon. Widely distributed in the American tropics, from Mexico to Chile, Brazil, and Argentina, at elevations up to 1,500 meters. Pilea imparifolia W T edd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 212. 1852. P. dendrophila Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1 : 202. 1853. A decumbent, glabrous herb with numerous suberect branches; larger leaf rhombic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, rarely obovate, 2-6 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. wide, crenate-serrate above the middle, oblique, sessile or short-^etioled, the smaller leaf obovate-orbicular or orbicular-reniform, 0.8-1.5 cm. long, very asymmetrical, subentire; plants dioecious, the cymes sessile or subsessile, few-flowered. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4434- Loreto: Rio Itaya, Killip & Smith 29308, 29515, 29572. Mouth of Rio Napo, Tessmann 3721. Mouth of Rio Santiago, Mexia 6365. Maucallacta, Klug 3950. Between Rio Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, Huber 1519. Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26038. Colombia to northern 344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Peru, eastward to the Guianas and Amazonian Brazil; at low elevations. Pilea lamioides Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 213. 1852. An unbranched herb up to 12 cm. high; leaves ovate, 1-2 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, coarsely crenate-dentate, obtuse; plants monoecious, the cymes androgynous, borne in the upper axils, the staminate flowers short-pediceled in sessile clusters, the pistillate sessile in short-peduncled clusters. Lima: San Geronimo, 150 meters, 5910. Atocongo, Pennell 14751. Amancais, Weberbauer 1594- Without locality: Dombey (type) ; Pavon. Pilea Macbridei Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 52. 1925. A glabrous plant about 1 meter high, the stem slightly woody, much branched; leaves ovate or orbicular-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, 1.5- 2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, cordulate, serrate, the cystoliths linear above, punctiform beneath; plants monoecious, the staminate flowers in a subglobose, slender-peduncled head or in glomerules forming a once branched panicle, the pistillate in short-peduncled cymes. Huanuco: Rio Chinchao, 2,800 meters, 5179 (type). Junin: Carpapata, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24457. Pilea macrocystolithica Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 384. 1936. A glabrous, unbranched herb about 30 cm. high; leaves of a node dissimilar and unequal, the larger one ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short- petiolate, serrulate, the smaller one suborbicular, 1.5-2 cm. wide, subsessile, the cystoliths of the upper surface very numerous, linear, elevated, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, those of the lower surface shorter and obscure; plants apparently dioecious, the staminate cymes sub- globose, on very slender peduncles about 2 cm. long. Peru, collected in the montana, the precise locality unknown, Haenke 1860 (type). In the original account of this species a line in the description of the cystoliths was accidentally omitted, so that the reason for the selection of the specific name was not at all apparent. Pilea marginata (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 238. 1856-57. Urtica marginata Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. An erect, glabrous herb 80 cm. or more high; leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate, FLORA OF PERU 345 undulate, subentire or denticulate toward the apex, coriaceous, the cystoliths stellate, 3-rayed; plants apparently dioecious, the stami- nate flowers in small glomerules in a short, narrow panicle. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6508. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 3045. Pampayacu, 1,100 meters, 5086. Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis Trail, 1,100 meters, Killip & Smith 26032. Dept. uncertain: Rio Amazonas, Poeppig 1088 (type), 2088. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 296. 1851. Parietaria microphylla L. Syst. ed. 10. 1308. 1759. Pilea muscosa Lindl. Coll. Bot. pi. 4- 1821. A glabrous, succulent herb, 4-30 cm. high, variable in size and habit; leaves usually crowded, thick, short-petioled, obtuse or sub- acute, entire, those of a pair unequal, the larger usually obovate, up to 1 cm. long, the smaller orbicular or obovate-orbicular, up to 3 mm. long, the cystoliths linear, transverse across the blade; plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, the flower clusters androgynous or unisexual, sessile or subsessile. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6071; Spruce 4028; Ule 6657. San Roque, Williams 7233. Rio Huallaga, Williams 4082, 6662. Zepelacio, King 3719,Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27500. Puerto Mele*ndez, Tessmann 4742. Huanuco: Piedra Grande, 1,500 meters, 3690. Cochero, Poeppig in 1830. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 24073. Rio Paucartambo, Killip & Smith 25329. Without locality: Ruiz & Pawn. Throughout the American tropics. Often cultivated as a border plant or in pots. Pilea minutiflora Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 529. 1906. A glabrous herb 30-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate- elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordu- late at the base, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths few and faint; plants usually dioecious, the flowers in small clusters, the staminate ones forming a once branched panicle, the pistillate forming subdichoto- mcus cymes up to 7 cm. long. Junin: Huacapistana, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2027 (type). Huariaca, 2,900 meters, 3126. Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 575. The Indians are said to use this as a remedy for unrequited love. Pilea multiflora (Poir.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 218. 1852, in part. Urtica multiflora Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 223. 1816. Pilea anomala Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 217. 1852. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII An erect, glabrous herb up to 1 meter high, the stem simple or few-branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, suboblique, long-acuminate, sharply ser- rulate, the cystoliths linear and punctiform, faint; plants monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences unisexual, both kinds cymose-pani- culate, diffuse. Huanuco: Pampayacu, 2,100 meters, Weberbauer 6812. Junin: Pichis Trail, about 1,700 meters, Kittip & Smith, 25775, 25801, 25913, 25929. Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 6521. Cuzco: Cerro de Cusilluyoc, Pennell 14013. Without locality: Jussieu (type). Also in Bolivia. Pilea nerteroides Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 377. 1936. P. cordifolia Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 50. 1925, not Benth. A slender, prostrate herb, leafy throughout; stem villosulous; stipules ovate, persistent; leaves cordate, up to 4 mm. long and 5 mm. wide, villosulous, covered with punctiform cystoliths; staminate flowers borne singly or in pairs, the peduncles 3-6 mm. long; pistil- late flowers in 4-6-flowered, pedunculate umbels. Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4,000 meters, 4395 (type). Pilea nitida Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 211. 1852. A very slender, glabrous plant, up to 10 cm. high; leaves elliptic- ovate, obtuse at both ends, 4-15 mm. long, 2.5-8 mm. wide, entire or rarely subcrenulate, obscurely 3-nerved, bearing linear cystoliths on the upper surface; plants monoecious, the flowers in compact, androgynous heads shorter than the petioles. Cajamarca: San Pablo, 2,300 meters, Weberbauer 3872. Lima: San Agustin, Weberbauer 5244- Without locality: Dombey (or Ruiz & Pawn[1}; type). Pilea nummularifolia (Sw.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852. Urtica nummularifolia Sw. Act. Holm. 1787: 63. pi. 1, f. 2. 1787. A repent or trailing plant, with a slender, villosulous or glabres- cent stem; leaves orbicular, 5-12 mm. wide, crenate, strigillose with stiff, hyaline hairs; plants monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences apparently unisexual, sessile, the staminate subumbellate, the pistil- late cymose. Loreto: Pebas, on the Rio Amazonas, Williams 1917. Also in Venezuela and the West Indies. FLORA OF PERU 347 Pilea nutans (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 196. pi. 7, f. 11-13. 1856-57. Urtica nutans Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. Pilea Herrerae Mildbr. ex Herrera, Anal. Univ. Cuzco 1 : 147. 1926, name only. A diffuse, much branched, glabrous herb; leaves appearing in 4's (rarely in 3's) due to the presence at each node of 1 or 2 borne on very short branchlets, serrate or crenate-serrate, triplinerved, the cystoliths linear, the larger leaves of a node rhombic-ovate or rhombic-lanceolate, 8-25 mm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, the smaller ones rhombic or broadly ovate, up to 5 mm. long; plants dioecious, the staminate flowers in small, 8-12-flowered, globose heads. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1565 (type). Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, Kittip & Smith 24274- Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25789. Porvenir, Pichis Trail, Kittip & Smith 25895. Pasla, Raimondi 9290. Cuzco: Rio Yanamayo, Pennell 14049. Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1095. Cosnipata Valley, Herrera 6. Puno: Ollachca, Raimondi 9649. Without locality: Dombey. Also in Bolivia. "Chia-chia," "quisa," "yuncaquisa." Pilea Pavonii Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 219. 1852. Urtica cymosa Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. An erect herb, 40-60 cm. high, with a stout, quadrangular, rufo- villosulous stem; leaves broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, short-acuminate, crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, appressed-pilosu- lous above, densely ferruginous-hirsute beneath, the cystoliths fusi- form and punctiform beneath; plants monoecious, the staminate inflorescences borne in the upper axils on stout peduncles, globose, compact, the pistillate sessile or subsessile in the middle axils, cymose- paniculate, much shorter than the adjacent petiole. Huanuco: Muna, 2,000 meters, -4075. Without locality: Pavon (type). Pilea pichisana Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 383. 1936. A slender, glabrous, subrepent herb, with lax branches up to 20 cm. long; leaves of a node unequal but similar, ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, petiolate, crenate-serrate nearly to the base, the cystoliths all punctiform, the larger leaf 2-2.8 cm. long, the smaller one 0.5-1.2 cm. long; plants dioecious, the pistillate flowers in sub- sessile cymes. Junin: Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, 1,800 meters, Kittip & Smith 25876 (type). 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pilea Poeppigiana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852. A glabrous plant, with the stem repent, at length erect, 30-50 cm. high; stipules broadly ovate, persistent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, up to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, acuminate, cuneate at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, the petioles up to 7 cm. long, the cystoliths fusiform and punctiform; plants dioecious, the pistillate inflorescence cymose-paniculate, borne in the upper axils, long-peduncled. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6844. Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3770. Cochero, Poeppig 1032, 1539B.Pichis Trail, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith 25826, 25902. Department uncertain: "Subandean region," Poeppig (type). Also in the Amazon basin of Colombia and Ecuador. Pilea pubescens Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 302. 1851. Stem repent, at length erect and usually with several erect or ascending branches, strigillose; leaves massed at the end of the stem or branches, wanting or much reduced below, broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, up to 7 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, crenate-serrate, sparingly strigillose above with hyaline hairs, or nearly glabrous, hirsutulous beneath on the nerves and veins, the cystoliths linear and fusiform above; plants monoecious or dioecious, the staminate flowers in a sessile cluster at the base of the cymose-paniculate, peduncled pistillate inflorescences, or scattered among the pistillate flowers. San Martin: San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 6957, 7695. Tarapoto, Spruce 4455. Widely distributed in the American tropics. Pilea pulegifolia (Poir.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 218. 1852. Urtica pulegifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 224. 1816. An herb with an elongate stem and numerous densely tomen- tellous, leafy branches; leaves appearing in 4's due to the presence at each node of a pair borne on a very short branchlet, ovate, 3-6 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide (those of a node similar but slightly un- equal), obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the petioles tomentellous, the cystoliths linear, conspicuous; plants dioecious, the staminate flow- ers in small, pedunculate cymes in the upper axils. Peru: Churugallana, Dombey (type). FLORA OF PERU 349 Pilea punctata (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 222. 1852. Urtica punctata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 38. 1817. An erect or ascending, glabrous herb, 20-40 cm. high; leaves ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, triplinerved well above the base, black- punctate beneath, the cystoliths fusiform; plants monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences androgynous or unisexual, cymose, longer than the adjacent petioles. Cajamarca: Zaulaca, Humboldt & Bonpland (type). Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 1+307. Without locality: Ruiz & Pawn. Pilea pusilla Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 530. 1906. A slender herb up to 10 cm. high, the stem filiform; leaves sub- orbicular or subreniform, up to 1 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, obtuse, subtruncate at the base, sharply serrulate, the cystoliths all puncti- form; plants monoecious, the flower clusters forming slender- peduncled panicles. Junin: Palca, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2023 (type). Pilea ramosissima Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 380. 1936. A diffuse herb, the stem slightly woody, with numerous lateral, pubescent branches; leaves appearing in 4's, unequal and slightly dissimilar, crenate-serrate, essentially glabrous except for the pubes- cent petioles, the larger leaves rhombic-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, obtuse, the smaller ones orbicular or ovate-orbicular, 4-5 mm. long, the cystoliths faint on the under surface; plants dioecious, the pistillate flowers in small, 10-flowered, compact cymes, their peduncles 1-1.3 cm. long. Huanuco: Chaglla, 2,800 meters, 3650 (type). Pilea serpyllacea (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 205. 1852. Urtica serpyllacea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1817. U. thymifolia HBK. loc. cit. Pilea globosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18 : 208. 1852. P. thymifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 : 44. 1855. A glabrous, very succulent herb, red-tinged throughout; leaves nearly globular, 1-5 mm. in diameter, entire or shallowly crenate, transversely striate with linear cystoliths; plants monoecious, or the staminate flowers sometimes wholly wanting, the pistillate flowers in peduncled cymes. Cajamarca: Hualgayoc, Weberbauer 4054; Raimondi 2209. Callacate, Raimondi 5639. Huanuco: Huacachi, 2,000 meters, 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 3868, 4087. Huanuco, 2,200 meters, 3512; Pearce 118. Casapi, Poeppig 1381. Lima: Matucana, 2,500 meters, 447. Rio Blanco, 3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 21601. Junin: Carpapata, 2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24334- Tambo de Viso, Weberbauer 158. Cuzco: Cuzco, Herrera 51; Weberbauer 4892. Urubamba Valley, 1,800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 262, 1035; Herrera 2288. Apurimac Valley, Herrera 3065. Ollantaitambo, Pennell 1 3657. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon (type) ; Jussieu. Western Venezuela to Peru and Bolivia, 2,000-3,500 meters altitude. "Accoicarpa," "quisa," "kkuru-quisa." Pilea Spruceana Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 161. 1869. A low herb, the stem repent, at length erect, sparsely villous; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, obtuse or subacute, crenate-serrate, sparingly ciliate, strigillose above, villous beneath, the cystoliths punctiform and fusiform, the latter more numerous at the margin; plants monoecious or dioecious, the pistillate flowers in short-peduncled cymes, the staminate flowers subsessile at the base of the pistillate inflorescence. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4376 (type). Loreto: Cumbasa, Ule 6843. Huanuco: Posuso, Pearce 284- Also in Bolivia. Pilea strigosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852. P. repens var. strigosa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 156. 1869. A low herb, the stem ferruginous-hirsute, repent at the base, with lax branches; leaves suborbicular to broadly ovate, 8-25 mm. long, rounded or subacute at the apex, crenate-serrate, strigose above, ferruginous-hirsutulous on the nerves beneath; plants usually monoecious, the cymes unisexual, pedunculate, the staminate sub- globose, the pistillate paniculiform. Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 28835, 28843. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1552 in part. Junin: Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25795. Without locality: Mathews 2031 (type). Also in Bolivia. Pilea subamplexicaulis Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 390. 1936. A glabrous plant 35 cm. high or more; leaves lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, acuminate or attenuate- acuminate, cordate or slightly clasping at the base, with numerous fusiform and fewer punctiform cystoliths; plants dioecious; stami- FLORA OF PERU 391 nate flowers in loose cymes up to 2 cm. long, the pistillate in short, sessile cymes. San Martin: Tarapoto, 1,100 meters, Ule 6588 (type). San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7425. Pilea submissa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 151. 1869. Plant terrestrial, or repent on tree trunks, the erect or ascending portion of the stem less than 10 cm. long, pubescent; leaves rhombic- elliptic, 4-9 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide (extremes up to 15 cm. long and 5 cm. wide), narrowed at both ends, short-petioled, crenate- serrulate, glabrous above, hispidulous on the nerves and veins beneath, the cystoliths fusiform, faint; plants monoecious or dioe- cious, the cymes unisexual, the staminate borne at the rooting, leafless nodes, their peduncles 4-8 cm. long, the pistillate at the upper axils, their peduncles 2.5-3 cm. long. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4155 (type). Loreto: Pongo de Manseriche, 250 meters, Mexia 6359. Pumuyacu, King 3186. Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis Trail, 1,100 meters, Kittip & Smith 26023. Pilea suffruticosa Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 529. 1906. An erect, glabrous, suffrutescent plant, about 2 meters high, the stem unbranched; leaves narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 5-8 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute, serrulate, the cystoliths fusiform, prominent; plants apparently dioecious, the staminate inflorescences cymose-paniculate, much longer than the adjacent petiole. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 4387 (type). Pilea verrucosa Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 53. 1925. A few-branched, glabrous shrub, about 1 meter high, the stem verrucose-roughened; leaves ovate or subrhombic, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, acute, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths punctiform; plants monoecious, the inflorescences unisexual, the staminate flowers in much branched panicles in the upper axils, the pistillate in subsessile cymes in the lower axils. Huanuco: Rio Chinchao, 2,800 meters, 5201 (type). Pilea Weberbaueri Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 380. 1936. A branched, glabrous herb, up to 30 cm. high; leaves opposite or sometimes appearing in 3's or 4's due to the presence at a node of a pair of leaves on very short secondary branches, without cystoliths, the larger leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 7-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtusely acuminate, petiolate, 3-5-toothed near the apex, the 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII smaller ones orbicular-reniform, 3-5 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, sessile or subsessile; plants apparently dioecious, the pistillate flowers in dense clusters in a compact cyme, the peduncles filiform. Junin: Between Palca and Huacapistana, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2022 (type). Species doubtfully occurring in Peru Pilea angustata Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 378. 1936. This is based upon a Grisar collection in the Paris Herbarium, said to have come from Ecuador or Peru. In view of other specimens in this collection, it is probable that most, if not all, came from Ecuador. 3. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, unarmed; leaves opposite or alternate, toothed, 3-nerved, those of the adjacent nodes sometimes unequal and dissimilar; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flowers in globose, usually unisexual clusters in the leaf axils or forming a spike; staminate flowers 4 (rarely 3 or 5) -parted; pistillate flowers tubular, contracted at the throat, 2-4-toothed or entire, the stigma filiform; achene enclosed in the persistent perianth. Flower clusters forming long spikes. Leaves opposite . . .B. caudata. Flower clusters in the leaf axils. Leaves opposite B. Mathewsii. Leaves alternate. Under surface of leaves appressed-silvery-sericeous. .B. Pavonii. Under surface of leaves not sericeous. Leaves coriaceous, strongly bullate, the larger usually nar- rowly lanceolate B. aspera. Leaves membranous, flat or slightly rugulose, the larger ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Styles about 1 mm. long; leaves of the adjacent nodes similar and subequal J5. brevirostris. Styles 1.5-2 mm. long; leaves of the adjacent nodes very dissimilar and unequal. Leaves coarsely crenate-serrate, pale and pilosulous beneath B. fallax. Leaves closely serrulate, concolorous, appressed-hispid- ulous beneath . . . B. anomala. FLORA OF PERU 353 Boehmeria anomala (Wedd.) Killip, sp. nov. B. Pavonii var. anomala Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869. A slender, open shrub, or a tree, about 4 meters high, the branches flexuose, appressed-hirsutulous; leaves alternate, those of the adja- cent nodes very unequal and dissimilar, the larger ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. wide, attenuate- acuminate, often strongly oblique, closely serrulate, short-petioled, membranous, appressed-hispidulous on both surfaces, concolorous, the smaller leaves (rarely present in herbarium specimens) ovate or suborbicular, 3-5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, sessile; plants apparently dioecious, the flower clusters about 5 mm. wide. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 3962 (type). Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5268. Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 1,400 meters, Weberbauer 7529. This is more closely related to B. fallax than to B. Pavonii. Boehmeria aspera Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 349. pi. 11, f. 24-28. 1856-57. B. diversifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854, not Miquel, 1851. B. Pavonii var. diversifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869, in part. A shrub 1-3 meters high, densely leafy throughout, the branch- lets grayish- or blackish-hirsute; leaves alternate, those of the adja- cent nodes very unequal and somewhat dissimilar, the larger lanceo- late, usually narrowly so, 4-13 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, long-acuminate, crenate-serrate, short-petioled, coriaceous, strongly bullate, smooth or hispid above, densely cano-hirsute beneath, the smaller leaves ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 0.8-1.5 cm. wide, acute, subsessile; plants monoecious, the flower clusters up to 8 mm. wide, predominately pistillate, sometimes with a few staminate flowers intermingled. Huanuco: Piedra Grande, 1,500 meters, 3698. Muiia, Pearce 120. Junin: Palca, Dombey (type of B. diversifolia Wedd.). Hua- capistana, 1,800-2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24109, 24352; Weber- bauer 1994. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22324- Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Also in Colombia. Boehmeria brevirostris Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 201. 1854. A shrub about 3 meters high, the branchlets cano-hirsute; leaves of the adjacent nodes similar and subequal, ovate or broadly ovate- lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate, usually cordate, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, flat, ap- pressed-hispid above, softly pubescent beneath; plants monoecious 354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII or dioecious, the flower clusters 4-6 mm. wide, unisexual or with a few staminate flowers in the pistillate heads; styles about 1 mm. long. Junin: Rio Perene", near Colonia Perene", 600 meters, Killip & Smith 25168. Without locality: Mathews 2039 in part (type). Boehmeria caudata Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. B. peruviana Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 224. 1856. A shrub or a small tree, up to 8 meters high; leaves opposite, large, broadly ovate to elliptic, up to 25 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, finely serrate to crenate-serrate, membranous, flat or rugulose, hispid above, sparingly to densely pubescent beneath ; plants dioecious, the flowers in dense clusters forming elongate spikes; fruiting perianth at length broadly obovate, compressed. Junin: Alcotanga, Raimondi 9199. Ayacucho: Carrapa, Killip & Smith 22338. Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 886. Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1644- Cedrobamba, Herrera 2008. Machupicchu, Herrera 3214, 3216, 3244, 3245. Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 649. Without locality: Gay 636. Widely distributed in tropical America. "Quisa-quisa" (Cuzco). Boehmeria fallax Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 346. 1856-57. B. fallax var. cordata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 198. 1869. A much branched shrub 2-5 meters high, with slender, hir- sutulous or puberulent branches; leaves alternate, those of the adjacent nodes very unequal and dissimilar, the larger ovate- lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long 1-6 cm. wide, long- acuminate, short-petioled, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, flat or slightly rugulose, scaberulous and more or less hispidulous above, pilosulous and pale beneath, the smaller leaves suborbicular- reniform, about 5 mm. wide, few- toothed, sessile, soon deciduous; plants monoecious or rarely dioecious, the flower clusters androgy- nous or unisexual, up to 5 mm. wide. Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews 2036 (type). Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 23662, 23712. Between San Nicolas and Azupizu, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26113. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22954- Aina, 1,000 meters, Killip & Smith 22765. Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 23087. Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, 1,800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1118. Without locality: Pavon (type of B. fallax var. cordata); Poeppig 1623; Mathews 2037. Also in Bolivia. FLORA OF PERU 355 Boehmeria Mathewsii Killip, nom. nov. Boehmeria hirta Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854, not Swartz, 1788. B. Weddelliana Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 55. 1925, not Vidal, 1886. A compact shrub 1.5-2 meters high, the branches densely hir- sute; leaves opposite, broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide (extremes up to 21 cm. long and 13 cm. wide), acuminate, rounded at the base, crenate-serrate, membranous, rugulose, hispid above, cano-tomentose beneath, becoming glabrescent; plants apparently dioecious, the flower clusters axillary, 8-10 mm. wide, the perianth of the pistillate flowers about 2 mm. long. Huanuco: Mufia, 2,200 meters, 4012. Without locality: Matheivs 2039 in part (type of B. hirta Wedd.). Boehmeria Pavonii Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854. Procris longifolia Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. Boehmeria Pavonii var. diversifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869, in part. Phenax pallidus Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 4: 259. 1895. B. pallida Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 347. 1931, excluding synonym "B. diversifolia Wedd." A shrub or a tree, 2-6 meters high, the branchlets nearly straight, finely appressed-pubescent; leaves alternate, those of the adjacent nodes similar but usually very unequal, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic- lanceolate, serrulate or crenate-serrulate, strongly trinerved, dis- tinctly petioled, subcoriaceous, flat or slightly rugulose, appressed- hispidulous above, pale and closely appressed-short-silvery-sericeous beneath, the hairs pointing toward the middle of the areoles, the larger leaves 4-16 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate, the smaller ones 1-3 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm. wide, sessile or short- petioled; plants dioecious, rarely monoecious, the flower clusters 6-8 mm. wide, unisexual, rarely androgynous. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4029, 4951; Williams 5772. Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600 meters, King 3572. Alto Rio Huallaga, Williams 6314, 6781. Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, King 2915. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, 'Killip & Smith 23442. Ayacucho: Aina, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 23125. Without locality: Ruiz & Pav6n (type). Also in Bolivia. "Ishanga." There has been much confusion regarding this species and B. diversifolia Wedd., due to Weddell's varying interpretations in his three surveys of the genus, and to the misidentification of historic collections of Boehmeria in several European herbaria. Many of the specimens cited above were distributed as B. pallida. 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 4. PHENAX Wedd. Unarmed shrubs or suffrutescent herbs; leaves alternate, toothed, rarely entire, 3-5-nerved; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flow- ers in dense, sessile, axillary clusters, the staminate usually 4-lobed, the pistillate without a perianth, subtended by several bractlets, the stigma elongate-filiform, persistent. Plants dioecious; leaves usually narrowly lanceolate, attenuate- acuminate P. angustifolius. Plants monoecious; leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic (lanceolate in one species), acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Leaves entire or with 1 or 2 coarse teeth. Inflorescence densely flowered; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, quintuplinerved P. integrifolius. Inflorescence loosely flowered; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, less than 1 cm. long, trinerved P. Weddellianus. Leaves with several teeth. Flower clusters unisexual, loosely flowered; leaves coarsely and unequally crenate P. laxiflorus. Flowers clusters androgynous; leaves serrate or crenate-serrate. Leaves essentially glabrous, usually drying light green. P. laevigatus. Leaves pubescent, at least beneath, drying darker. Stem slender, deeply angled, pilosulous; leaves membra- nous; staminate and pistillate flowers subequal in num- ber to a cluster P. hirtus. Stem stout, subangular, hirsute; leaves coriaceous or sub- coriaceous; staminate and pistillate flowers often very unequal in number to a cluster P. rugosus. Phenax angustifolius (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 193. 1854. Boehmeria angustifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34. 1817. Procris longifolia Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. Phenax Ulei Krause, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 151. 1906. A slender shrub or suffrutescent herb, up to 3 meters high, with several branches; leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 0.5-5 cm. wide, gradually attenuate-acuminate, minutely serrulate, glabrous above, sparingly strigillose on the nerves and veins beneath, the nerves impressed above; plants dioecious; achenes minute, granular, the style 4-5 mm. long. FLORA OF PERU 357 Loreto: Raimondi 2203. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27446. Near Pongo de Manseriche, 100-200 meters, Killip, Smith & Dennis 29146; Mexia 6323. Cerro de Escolar (Escalera), 1,200 meters, Ule 6842 (type of P. Ulei). Junin: Colonia Perene", 700 meters, Killip & Smith 24911, 25336. La Merced, Killip & Smith 23568. Aya- cucho: Aina, Killip & Smith 22513. Without locality: Poeppig 1315. Costa Rica to Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil. Phenax Ulei appears to be merely a variant with proportion- ately broader leaves. Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 235 38 . 1869. Boehmeria hirta Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. P. urticaefolius Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854, in part. P. petiolaris Wedd. loc. cit. A shrub or suffrutescent herb, 0.5-2.5 meters high, the stem and branches slender, deeply angled, pilosulous; leaves ovate or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, 1.5-7 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, dentate-serrate, thin, flat or slightly rugulose, sparingly hispid above, hirtellous on the nerves beneath; plants monoecious, the glomerules androgynous with the staminate and pistillate flowers nearly equal in number; achenes verruculose. San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7161. Caja- marca: Cajamarca, Raimondi 1765. Hualgayoc, Raimondi 4176. Chorrillos, Raimondi 7204. Tambillo, Raimondi 4630, 6039. Ca- llacate, Raimondi 4227. Junin: Alcotanga, Raimondi 9198. Aya- cucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22436. Aina, Killip & Smith 23176. Without locality: Ruiz & Pawn. This species is widely distributed in tropical America. Some of the specimens cited above have proportionately longer leaves than in typical Jamaican material, and may represent a variety. Phenax hirtus var. minor Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 235 39 . 1869. P. urticaefolius var. minor Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 496. 1856-57. Leaves 0.8-3 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide; flower clusters usually smaller than in the typical form. Loreto: Near Yurimaguas, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27863, 28849. Cajamarca: Chorrillos, Raimondi 7760. Lima: Matucana, 233, 2883. Obrajillo, Wilkes Expedition. Lima, Raimondi 12894- Phenax integrifolius Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. Bot. 1: 193. 1854. Plant suffrutescent, the stem repent, at length procumbent or ascending, diffusely branched, villous; leaves crowded, lanceolate, 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 1-2 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, entire, quintuplinerved, pilose; plants monoecious, the glomerules densely flowered, androgynous; achenes minutely granular. Type a Peruvian plant collected by Pavon. Phenax laevigatus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854; Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 497. pi 16 A. 1856-57. A shrub 1-2.5 meters high, with spreading branches, the younger ones pilosulous; leaves ovate, 3-9 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate or serrate, coriaceous, essentially glabrous, sublustrous; plants monoecious, the glomerules androgy- nous, 5-8 mm. in diameter. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews 1556. Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, 1503. Huacachi, 2,000 meters, 4153. Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon. Junin: Huasa-huasi, Dombey (type). Huacapistana, Killip & Smith 24099. Palca, Weberbauer 1775. Lima: Above Lima, Raimondi 12548. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 2,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22312. Cuzco: Valle del Apurimac, Herrera. Also in Ecua- dor and Bolivia. Phenax laxiflorus Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 499. 1856-57. Plant suffrutescent, the branches slender, puberulent; leaves ovate or elliptic, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, obtuse, coarsely and unequally crenate with 2-4 crenations to a side, pilosulous above, finely pubescent beneath; plants monoecious, the glomerules loosely flowered, unisexual, the staminate in the lower axils, the pistillate in the upper. Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon (type). Muna, 2,500 meters, 4282, referred here doubtfully. Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 235 38 . 1869. Procris rugosa Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 628. 1804. Boehmeria ballotaefolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 35. 1817. Phenax ballotae- folius Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854. A shrub 2-3.5 meters high, the stem stout, subangular, densely hirsute; leaves ovate, 4-12 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, crenate-ser- rate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, rugose, usually villous-tomentose beneath ; plants monoecious, the glomerules very dense, the staminate and pistillate flowers often very unequal in number in a glomerule; achenes verruculose. Huanuco: Muna, Pearce 158. Junin: Carpapata, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24420. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook FLORA OF PERU 359 & Gilbert 588. Urubamba Vallay, Herrera 2248. Vilcanota Valley, H err era 1077. Dept. uncertain: Panahuanca, Mathews 931. Without locality: Jussieu (type); Mathews 2033; Gay 360, 1661. Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia. "Monte-pespeta" (Cuzco). Phenax rugosus var. minor Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 235 38 . 1869. Leaves elliptic-ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, 0.8-1 cm. wide, subsessile, serrate, thick-coriaceous, bullate, lustrous, glabrous above, tomentel- lous beneath. Junin: Tarma, Mathews 669 (type). Phenax Weddellianus Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 43. 1934. Plant suffrutescent, with a slender, glabrescent stem, diffusely branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-18 mm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, entire or with 1-2 coarse teeth on either side, trinerved, sparingly strigillose above, pilosulous beneath; plants monoecious, the clusters loosely flowered, androgynous or rarely unisexual; achenes narrowly ovoid. Cuzco: Gay (type). 5. MYRIOCARPA Benth. Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate, toothed or rarely subentire, trinerved, bearing cystoliths; plants dioecious, rarely monoecious; staminate flowers in glomerules forming slender, dichotomous spikes, the perianth 4-parted; pistillate flowers in slender, elongate, dichotomous, sub-unilateral spikes, rarely in pani- cles, without a perianth, the achenes compressed, stipitate or sessile, often setose at the margin, the stigma lateral, semilunate. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, conspicuously toothed nearly to the base, membranous, the cystoliths of the upper surface conspicuous M. stipitata. Leaves prevailingly obovate, undulate-serrulate in the upper half, coriaceous, the cystoliths obscure M. laevigata. Myriocarpa laevigata Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 55. 1925. A compact tree or shrub, up to 5 meters high, essentially glabrous throughout; leaves obovate, rarely ovate, 7-14 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or acute, shallowly undulate-serrulate above the middle, coriaceous, the cystoliths obscure; plants dioecious or some- 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII times monoecious, the spikes unisexual, once or twice forked near the base, 6-15 cm. long; staminate flowers sessile in contiguous clusters; achenes ovate-elliptic, setose at the margin, stipitate. Huanuco: Muna, 2,300 meters, 3925 (type). Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3783. Rio Posuso, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 6735, 6743. Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith 24186. Myriocarpa stipitata Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 168. pi. 55. 1844. M. densiflora Benth. op. cit. 169. M. Dombeyana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 232. 1852. M. densiflora var. Dombeyana Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 487. 1856-57. A tree 3-9 meters high, with a slender trunk, the branchlets usually hirsute- tomentose; leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, 10-25 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordulate at the base, crenate to crenate-serrulate, rugulose with age, bearing on the upper surface conspicuous cystoliths which radiate from the center of the areoles, membranous, essentially glabrous above, sparingly pilosulous to densely tomentose beneath; spikes 1-3 times forked near the base, the staminate shorter than the leaves, the pistillate often much longer, up to 30 cm. long; achenes elliptic, 1-1.5 mm. long, subsessile or usually stipitate, generally setose at the margin. Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, 1,300 meters, Weberbauer 601 4- San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Spruce 4286; Ule 6507; Williams 6145. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2748. Zepelacio, Klug 3536. Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, Klug 2898. Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6252. Rio Nanay, Williams 414' Cuschi, 1,600 meters, 4838. Pampayacu, Sawada 16. Junin: Huasa-huasi, Dombey (type of M. Dombeyana). Carpapata, 2,700 meters, Killip & Smith 24374- Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24139. La Merced, 600 meters, 5454; Killip & Smith 23475, 24059, 24064, 24075, 24077, 25386. Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25837, 25856. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,000 meters, Killip & Smith 22467, 22487. Aina, 900 meters, Killip & Smith 22687. Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 23073. Kimpitiriki, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 22952. Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, 1,800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 937, 1047, 1147. Without locality: Mathews 2040 (type of M. densiflora). Colombia to Venezuela and Ecuador. "Ishanga" (Tarapoto), "tigre-tigre" (Cuzco). M. densiflora was differentiated from M. stipitata on the basis of the leaves being softly tomentose beneath and the achenes sub- FLORA OF PERU 361 sessile rather than stipitate, and the two species have always been considered distinct. The large number of specimens now available fail to show a correlation of these or any other characters; the degree of indument is highly variable and, even in a single spike, there is variation in the relative length of the stipe to the body of the achene. 6. URERA Gaud. Trees or shrubs, usually with stinging hairs; leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate, the cystoliths punctiform, linear, or wanting; plants usually dioecious, the flowers small, in axillary, dichotomous or irregularly branched cymes, the staminate with a 4-5-parted perianth and 4-5 stamens, the pistillate with 4 equal or unequal segments; stigma penicillate persistent; achene straight or oblique, at least partially surrounded by the fleshy, enlarged perianth. Leaves incised-lobed usually more than halfway to the midnerve. U. laciniata. Leaves not lobed, dentate, crenate, or subentire. Achenes more than 2 mm. long; leaves coarsely dentate or sinuate- dentate U. baccifera. Achenes less than 2 mm. long; leaves crenate-dentate. U. caracasana. Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Uran. Bot. 497. 1826. Urtica baccifera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1398. 1763. A coarse, erect, subligneous herb, or a shrub, 1-4 meters high, the stem densely covered with short, stout, stinging prickles; leaves broadly ovate or round-ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 35 cm. long and 15 cm. wide, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely dentate or irregularly sinuate-dentate, glabrescent, rarely densely pubescent, or with hairs or prickles, especially on the nerves; plants dioecious, the flowers in much branched cymes; fruit succulent, white or rose- colored, 3-5 mm. long. San Martin: Chazuta, 260 meters, Klug 4029. Loreto: Rio Maranon Valley, 150 meters, Killip, Smith & Dennis 29169. Rio Itaya, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29376, 29465, 29579; Williams 3423. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1085. Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4350. Huanuco: Muna, 2,200 meters, 3910. Monzon, Weberbauer 3497, 3498. Junm: Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25904, 26105, 26356. Ayacucho: Aina, 900 meters, Killip & Smith 22794. Madre de Dios: Seringal, Ule 9330. Widely distributed in tropical America. 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud, ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 154. 1859. Urtica caracasana Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 71. pi. 396. 1798. Urera Jacquini Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 200. 1852. U. subpeltata Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 189. pi. 66. 1853. U. acuminata Miq. op. cit. 190, not Gaud. U. Jacquini var. subpeltata Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 145. 1856-57. U. Jacquini var. Miqueli Wedd. loc. cit. U. caracasana var. subpeltata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 90. 1869. U. caracasana var. Miqueli Wedd. loc. cit. U. capitata var. Pavonii Wedd. op. cit. 92. A shrub 1-6 meters high, with elongate branches, the young twigs, petioles, inflorescence, and leaf veins usually armed with stinging hairs; leaves broadly ovate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate, variable in size, up to 30 cm. long and 25 cm. wide, acuminate, cor- date at the base, usually with an open sinus but sometimes with a closed sinus and overlapping basal lobes, crenate-dentate, scabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath; plants dioecious, the cymes regularly dichotomous, shorter than the petioles or often much longer, the staminate flowers sessile in distinct, compact glomerules, the pistillate flowers usually ternate, sometimes single or in dense clusters, pedicellate or subsessile. San Martin: Zepelacio, Klug 3554- Tarapoto, Spruce 4305. Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4288, 4308, 4796, 4945. Iquitos, Tessmann 3584; Williams 8041- Rio Maranon, Killip & Smith 27518, 29230; Tessmann 3857, 4118. Pumayacu, Klug 3174. Mishuyacu, Klug 441, 1071. Rio Putumayo, Klug 1639. Rio Napo, Mexia 6469. Rio Amazonas, Williams 1861, 2005, 2673, 2789. Rio Nanay, Williams 490, 505, 802, 1256. Cerro de Escalera, Ule 45 in part. Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3198. Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews 2030. Monzon, Weberbauer 3704. Junin: La Merced, Killip & Smith 23929. Rio Perene", Killip & Smith 25151. Ayacu- cho: Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith 22935. Madre de Dios: Seringal, Ule 9332. Dept. uncertain: Pampa del Sacramento, Castelnau. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn (type of U. capitata var. Pavonii); Gay; Poeppig; Fox 32. Widely distributed in tropical America. "Ishanga," "ishangu del agua." Urera caracasana is here interpreted in its widest sense. Many of the specimens from northern Peru cited above have proportion- ately narrower leaves than in the typical form and represent the variety subpeltata. If further study proves that U. capitata, with the pistillate flowers sessile in dense heads, is specifically distinct from U. caracasana, some of this material, including the type of U. FLORA OF PERU 363 capitata var. Pavonii, should be placed in that species. At present it seems best to treat these as representing a young stage of U. caracasana. Urera laciniata (Goudot) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 203. 1852. Urtica laciniata Goudot ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. An erect, tree-like herb or often truly arborescent, 1-4 meters high, the branches densely covered with stout bristles or spines; leaves 15-35 cm. long and wide, deeply incised-lobed (lobes acumi- nate, entire or few-toothed), membranous, spiny on the nerves beneath, glabrescent; plants dioecious, the cymes up to 20 cm. long, the staminate flowers in glomerules, the pistillate in glomerules or distinct; achenes suborbicular, nearly 2 mm. long. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4140. Alto Rio Huallaga, Wil- liams 6799. San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7785. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1079. Rio Nanay, Williams 451. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4937. Rio Ucayali, Tess- mann 3177. Huanuco: Posuso, 600 meters, 4703. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5315. Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 26319. Ayacucho: Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 22645. Without locality: Haenke 1730; Ruiz & Pawn. Costa Rica to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia. "Ishanga." 7. POUZOLZIA Gaud. Low shrubs, rarely woody vines; leaves alternate, entire, toothed in only a few American species, petiolate, 3-nerved, the upper sur- face densely covered with punctiform cystoliths; plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, the flowers in small, axillary clusters or in leafless spikes; staminate perianth 4-5-parted or lobed, the stamens 3-5; pistillate perianth tubular, 2-4-toothed, usually costate, the ovary included, the stigma filiform, at length deciduous, the achenes crustaceous, shiny. Leaves entire. Flower clusters in leafless spikes; plants scandent, dioecious, glabrescent P. formicaria. Flower clusters in the leaf axils; plants monoecious, densely pubescent. Under surface of the leaves hirtellous on the nerves, compactly white-lanate between the nerves P. Poeppigiana. Under surface of leaves densely brown-hirsute P. obliqua. Leaves coarsely crenate-serrate P. longipes. 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pouzolzia formicaria (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 407. 1856-57. Boehmeria formicaria Poepp. ex Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1:201. 1854. A woody vine or a scandent shrub; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4- 12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordulate at the base, entire, subcoriaceous, concolorous, scabrid above, essentially glabrous; plants dioecious, the flower clusters borne in spikes 8-15 cm. long; pistillate perianth about 2 mm. long, hispidulous; achenes conical, about 1.5 mm. long, brownish white, the style about 3 times longer, densely pubescent. Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2287 (type). Rio Paranapura, 200 meters, Klug 3944- Rancho Indiana, 110 meters, Mexia 6411. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 930. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8117; Tessmann 3585, 3897, 3898. Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3336. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 557. Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters, Klug 1998, 2030, 2354. Pouzolzia longipes Killip, sp. nov. P. procridioides var. hirsuta Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 231. 1869(?). Herba monoica; folia late ovata, acuminata, grosse crenato-ser- rata, supra setulosa, subtus in nervis puberula; glomeruli axillares, androgyni vel unisexuales, perianthio masc. 4-lobato; achaenia conica. An herb 60-75 cm. high, woody below, the stem sparingly pilo- sulous, at length glabrous, angulate; leaves broadly ovate, 5-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded and abruptly narrowed at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, sparingly setulose above, puberulent on the nerves beneath, otherwise glabrous, the petioles 2-5 cm. long; plants monoecious, the flower clusters axillary, 5-8 mm. wide, androgynous or unisexual; staminate perianth about 2.5 mm. long, deeply 4-lobed; pistillate perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, scaberulous; achenes conical, nearly 1 mm. long, light brown, the styles 3 mm. long, pubescent. Junin: Enefias, Pichis Trail, 1,700-1,900 meters, dense forest, July 2, 1929, Killip & Smith 25753 (type, U. S. Nat. Herb. No. 1,359,857; Field Mus. No. 632,801). This species, one of the few American ones with toothed leaves, is nearest the African P. procridioides (E. Mey.) Wedd., and agrees well with the Bonpland specimen at Paris, labeled merely "Amer. Trop.," which Weddell referred to P. procridioides. In addition to the improbability of the African species occurring in Peru, there are FLORA OF PERU 365 slight differences in the toothing of the leaves, the indument, and the size of the achenes which suggest that another species is represented. The type of P. procridioides var. hirsuta, a Pavon specimen in the Boissier Herbarium, not examined in connection with the present studies, may be P. longipes, though the description of the indument does not well apply to the specimen cited above. Pouzolzia obliqua (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 405. 1856-57. Margarocarpus obliquus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 204. 1854. Boehmeria obliqua Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. A shrub or a small tree, 2-5 meters high, densely hirsute nearly throughout; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-14 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate, rounded or cordulate at the base, oblique, short-petioled, hispid above; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flower clusters axillary, androgynous or unisexual; achenes light brown or white, the styles 8-10 mm. long. San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 1+169. Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2032 (type). Guatemala to Venezuela and Peru, evidently uncommon in Peru. Pouzolzia Poeppigiana (Wedd.) Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 347. 1931. Margarocarpus Poeppigianus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1 : 204. 1854. M. asper Wedd. loc. cit. Boehmeria discolor Poepp. ex Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 206. 1856. B. aspera Blume, loc. cit., footnote, not Wedd. Pouzolzia discolor Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 408. pi. 13B, f. 18-24- 1856-57. P. aspera Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 233. 1869, not Wight. A shrub 1-5 meters high, with elongate, villous branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded at the base, symmetrical or nearly so, entire, above scabrous and hirsutulous, beneath rufo-hirtellous on the nerves and compactly white-lanate between them; plants monoe- cious, the flower clusters axillary, androgynous or unisexual, the styles up to 1.5 cm. long, the achenes light brown or white, about 1 rnm. long. San Martin: Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6442; Spruce. Alto Rio Huallaga, Williams 6683. Zepelacio, 1,400 meters, Klug 3437. -Loreto: Rio Amazonas, Poeppig 3044- Huanuco: Rio Huallaga Canyon, 1,200 meters, 4328. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 23386, 23528, 23586, 23938. Colonia Perene", Killip & Smith 25024- Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,000 meters, Killip & Smith 22471. Cuzco: Bues in 1930. Without locality: "Peru subandina," 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Poeppig 1284 (type; also type of P. discolor); Ruiz & Pawn; Gay; Mathews 2036, 2037. Also in Bolivia. 8. FLEURYA Gaud. Annual herbs, usually with stinging hairs; leaves alternate, petiolate, toothed, trinerved; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flowers in clusters in large panicles, the staminate 4-5-parted, the pistillate with 4 imbricate perianth segments, the stigma papillose, at length hooked; achenes oblique, compressed. Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Uran. Bot. 497. 1826. Urtica aestuans L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1397. 1762. F. glandulosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 205. 1852. F. aestuans var. glandu- losa Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 112. 1856-57. F. aestuans var. race- mosa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 72. 1869. An erect, simple or few-branched herb, up to 1.2 meters high, the stem sometimes glandular; leaves broadly ovate, 7-17 cm. long, 2.5- 12 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, coarsely and sharply dentate, slender-petioled, membranous, usually with a few stinging hairs on the upper surface; panicles usually androgynous; achenes 1-1.5 mm. long. Loreto: Fortaleza, Williams 4462. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27755; Williams 5130, 5195. Iquitos, 100 meters, Kittip & Smith 27074; Williams 1340, 1348, 8099, 8193. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 353. La Victoria, Williams 2603. Nauta, Raimondi 2173. Without locality: Poeppig 2086; Ruiz & Pawn. Throughout tropical America. 9. PARIETARIA L. Diffuse or tufted, slender herbs, without stinging hairs; leaves alternate, entire, trinerved; flowers in small, axillary glomerules, the staminate, pistillate, and perfect intermixed; perianth tubular, 4-parted; achenes straight, ovoid, lustrous. Parietaria debilis Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 73. 1786. P. debilis var. ceratosantha Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 515. 1856-57. An erect or diffuse, pilosulous or glabrescent, annual herb; leaves ovate, rhombic-ovate, or orbicular-ovate, 5-20 mm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex; clusters few-flowered. Cajamarca: Cascas, Raimondi 8174. Tambillo, Raimondi 7995. Lima: Matucana, 2,500 meters, 262. Lima, 5870; Rose 18581. Lurin, 5968. Atocongo, Pennell 14795. Arequipa: Mollendo, FLORA OF PERU 367 Hitchcock 22391, 22410; Johnston 3552. Tiabaya, 2,000 meters, Pennell 13072. Arequipa, 2,600 meters Pennell 1 3194. Locality uncertain: Dombey; Weddell. Widely distributed in the warmer parts of the world. 50. PROTEACEAE. Protea Family Besides the following genera of this family, which is best repre- sented in Australia, the silk-oak of Australia, Grevillea robusta Cunn., is doubtless cultivated, as in all warm regions, for shade. It may be known by its fern-like leaves, silky-pubescent beneath. Flowers showy, conspicuous above the leaves; hypogynous glands large, or the disk entire or obscurely 3-lobed ... 1. Embothrium. Flowers rather small, often inconspicuous; hypogynous glands or scales 3-4 or the disk 4-lobed. Inflorescence axillary, at least in part, 1-5 cm. long; hypogynous glands 3; style laterally expanded 2. Lomatia. Inflorescence usually terminal, often longer than the leaves; hypogynous scales or glands 4. Leaves conspicuously net-veined; fruit tardily dehiscent. Leaves entire 3. Panopsis. Leaves pinnate 4. Euplassa. Leaves inconspicuously net- veined; fruit early dehiscent. 5. Roupala. 1. EMBOTHRIUM Forst. Oreocallis R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 196. 1811. Tall shrubs with long, willow-like branches, the ultimate ter- minated by dense racemes of showy, strap-shaped, 1-petaled flowers. Style oblong-fusiform or oblique at the tip. The herbarium name Catas Dombey is mentioned in synonymy by Lamarck, Encycl. 2: 355. 1786. Inflorescence more or less reddish-pubescent E. grandiflorum. Inflorescence glabrous, often pruinose-glaucous. Leaves mostly 3-3.5 cm. wide, rarely 10 cm. long. E. mucronatum. Leaves mostly 4-5 cm. wide, usually 10-15 cm. long. E. Weberbaueri. Embothrium grandiflorum Lam. Encycl. 2: 354. 1786. E. emarginatum R. & P. Fl. 1 : 62. pi. 95. 1798. Oreocallis grandiflora R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 197. 1811. 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Branchlets dark-barked, the youngest reddish-tomentose as the new leaves beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long; leaves coriaceous, gla- brous and lustrous above, elliptic, acutish at the base, rounded and mucronate or somewhat emarginate at the apex, about 10 cm. long and half as wide; racemes often finally 10 cm. long; pedicels 1 cm. long in flower, 3 cm. in fruit; flowers reddish, curved, 4-5 cm. long, the perianth deeply 4-parted; anthers ovate, sessile; styles as long as the perianth, persisting with the obliquely directed, peltate stigma on the oblong-cylindric capsule; seeds winged, orbicular, compressed. A shrub or tree of 1-6 meters. Meisner in DC. Prodr. 14: 445. 1856, distinguished, under the name Oreocallis grandiflora: var. emarginata. (R. & P.) Meisn., the leaves beneath and the branch- lets pubescent; var. obtusifolia Meisn., the leaves glabrate; and var. acutifolia Meisn., similar to the last but the leaves acute. Web- erbauer (86) notes that the species is a widely spread east-Andean type which, however, occurs in the inter- Andean valleys of the Hua- llaga, etc., even to the western slopes in Cajamarca. Ruiz and Pavon found the crushed leaves applied to bruises and to aching teeth, and the flowering branches used to adorn altars and the arches carried in processions. Illustrated, Weberbauer, 160. Cajamarca: San Pablo, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 3826; 256. Huambos, 2,600-3,000 meters (Weberbauer 260). Toward Hual- gayoc, 2,200 meters (Weberbauer 189). Ancash: Huaraz (Weber- bauer 179). Pichiu, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2922. Huanuco: Mito, 1380. Fifteen miles northeast of Huanuco, 3,000 meters, 2149. Yanano, 1,800 meters, 4936. Palca and Huasa-huasi, Ruiz & Pavdn. Between Huanuco and Pampayacu, Kanehira 66. Junin: Huacapistana, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 1742; 246. Chan- chamayo, Isern 2179, 2302,Cuzco: Valle de Lares (Hen era 788). Santa Ana, 1,900 meters, Weberbauer 5000; 281. Without locality, Diehl 2523. Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14084- Ecuador. "Salta-perico," "tsacpa," "cucharilla," "zacpa," "llamas," "chappa," "cocaniro," "picahua," "catas," "machinparrani," "mastimpanrani." Embothrium mucronatum Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 3: 33. 1818. Oreocallis Ruizii Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 474. 1847. Apparently very similar to E. grandiflorum but glabrous or nearly so and the leaves often much smaller, oblongish, mucronate, some- what lustrous above; terminal thyrse lax, the bracts sparsely pilose. A small shrub, perhaps only a variety of E. grandiflorum. Neg. 11772. FLORA OF PERU 369 Huanuco: Ruiz (type). Pampayacu, Sawada P41- Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Raimondi (det. Diels); at 2,700 meters, Williams 7551. Ecuador. "Picahuay." Embothrium Weberbaueri Perk. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 434. 1911. A shrub of 3-5 meters, resembling E. mucronatum in lack of pubescence but perhaps distinguishable by the larger, mostly emarginate, obscurely mucronulate leaves and the terminal, racemose inflorescence; racemes 20 cm. long or longer, the slender pedicels 2 cm. long; flowers rose-colored, 3.5-4 cm. long; fruits 4 cm. long, the beak 2.5-3 cm. long, on stipes to nearly 4 cm. long. Neg. 11773. Huanuco: Monzon, Prov. Huamalies, 1,000-1,500 meters, Weberbauer 3464. (type). San Martin: East of Moyobamba, 1,100 meters, Weberbauer 4762 (det. Perkins). Near Moyobamba, Klug 3417. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7820, 7668. 2. LOMATIA R. Br. A shrub allied to Embothrium, but the axillary racemes rela- tively short and few-flowered. Style expanded laterally at the tip. The generic name has been conserved. Lomatia hirsuta (Lam.) Diels, comb. nov. Embothrium hirsu- tum Lam. Encycl. 2: 355. 1786. E. obliquum R. & P. Fl. 1: 63. pi. 97. 1798. L. obliqua R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 196. 1811. A glabrous-leaved shrub 2-3 meters high with reddish-villous racemes about as long as the leaves, these coriaceous, lustrous above, often colored beneath, ovate, very unequally serrate, 5-12 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad; perianth 1 cm. long, white; fruits pedicellate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long. Some part of the plant is said to supply a dye. Cajamarca: San Miguel, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 3890. Cu- tervo, Jelski. Piura: At 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 6053. Rio Piura and Nancho, Raimondi (det. Diels). Libertad: East of the Mara- fion, Raimondi (det. Diels). Chile. "Raral," "andaga," "garo," "shiapash." 3. PANOPSIS Salisb. Andriapetalum Pohl, PI. Bras. Icon. 1: 113. 1827. Shrubs or small trees with entire, often verticillate leaves. Racemes axillary and terminal. Filaments obvious, borne below the middle of the perianth lobes. Disk cupulate, 4-lobed. Fruit a hard, 1-seeded drupe. The later name of Pohl was accredited to Schott by Endlicher as Andripetalum. 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pedicels rigid, 10-12 mm. long, glabrous P. acuminata. Pedicels lax, 5-6 mm. long, pubescent P. rubescens. Panopsis acuminata (Meisn.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 66. 1931. Andriapetalum rubescens Pohl, var. acuminatum Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 346. 1856. Leaves subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate, 2.5-4 cm. wide, finely reticulate-veined on both sides, glabrous; racemes glabrous, the stiff pedicels divaricate; flowers cream-colored. Perhaps better regarded as a variety of the next. A tree of 8 meters (Klug). Neg. 7445. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 1540. Brazil. Panopsis rubescens (Pohl) Pittier, Contr. Fl. Venez. 21. 1923. Andriapetalum rubescens Pohl, op. cit. 114. pi. 91. Similar to the above, but the young branchlets, leaves, and racemes rusty-tomentulose; leaves narrowed to both ends, obtusish, glabrous in age, beautifully reticulate-veined and suffused with red from the midnerve. Flowers pure white, with the odor of vanilla; fruit 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, densely tomentose, indehiscent (Ducke). The Peruvian form, var. simulans Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 67. 1931, has acute or acuminate leaves. Neg. 19067. Loreto: Timbuchi, Rio Nanay, Williams 1044 (type of var. simulans}. Manfmfa, upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1121. Brazil; British Guiana. 4. EUPLASSA Salisb. Pinnately leaved shrubs or trees with racemes or narrow, raceme- like panicles of rather small flowers. Otherwise like Panopsis but perianth oblique in bud, anthers subsessile, and disk entire. Euplassa Isernii Cuatrecasas, sp. nov. Ramis ignotis; foliis petiolatis, petiolo 8-9 cm. longo tereti inferne applanato minute puberulento; foliolis 8-jugis breve petio- lulatis paullo alternantibus, petiolulo 3-4 mm. longo tereti striato puberulento, oblongo-ellipticis, acuminatis basi late acutis margine repando-serratis vel subintegris 8-12 cm. longis, circa 4 cm. latis, chartaceo-coriaceis conspicue reticulatis utrinque subnitidulis supra viridibus glabris subtus castaneis ad nervum medianum minute sparseque puberulentis; floribus paniculam angustam spurie race- mosam referentibus; paniculis cum pedunculo 6 cm. longo 30 cm. longis cum pilis adpressis minutis paullo fulvis parce pubescentibus; FLORA OF PERU 371 pedicellis ad mediam connatis circa 7 mm. longis; petalis 10 mm. longis; ovario glabro. Apparently, by reason of its many leaflets and glabrous ovary, very well marked, and the second species west of the Andes, the other being E. occidentalis I. M. Johnston of Ecua- dor, with 4 pairs of obovate leaflets. Included here with Dr. Cua- trecasas' permission, the description supplied by me. Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2283, type, Herb. Madrid. 5. ROUPALA Aubl. Stoutly branched shrubs with alternate leaves. Racemes or spikes slender, often more or less tomentose, the rather small flowers often divaricate on short pedicels. Anthers subsessile on the upper part of the perianth lobes. A fruiting specimen (Williams 7439, San Roque) has entire, ovate, long-acuminate, long-petioled leaves exactly simulating those of R. macropoda Karst. of Colombia, but the fruits are cylindric, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; in the absence of flowers the generic identity is uncertain. The Aublet name has been written Rhopala, Ropala, and Rupala and, at least by typographical error, still otherwise, using the same letters. Flowers sessile, the spikes much exceeding the leaves . . . R. spicata. Flowers always more or less pedicellate. Mature leaves glabrous except the midnerve beneath, the trichomes not distinct, usually forming a gray indument. Leaves rotund-cordate; pubescence beneath grayish. R. cordifolia. Leaves not cordate, or at least the pubescence not a gray indument. Leaves simple, at least those of the flowering branchlets. Leaves rounded-truncate at the base . . . R. dolichopoda. Leaves cuneate at the base or at least acute. Racemes distinctly pubescent; leaves 3.5-4 cm. wide. Leaves finally glabrous beneath . . . . R. complicata. Leaves pubescent beneath on the costa . . R. ferruginea. Racemes glabrous; leaves mostly wider.... R. Dielsii, Leaves pinnate, but only the sterile branchlets known. R. Raimondii. Mature leaves more or less pubescent beneath, the trichomes dis- tinct, often red or fulvous. 372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pubescence red-brown, very dense on the leaf nerves beneath; pedicels often only 1-2 mm. long R. monosperma. Pubescence grayish-fulvous, moderate; pedicels 3-5 mm. long. R. pinnata. Roupala complicata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 153. pi 119. 1817. A slender shrub or tree with thick, subglabrous, glaucescent leaves and pallidly rusty-tomentose racemes that about equal them; leaf blades entire or remotely and obtusely few-dentate, decurrent into the petiole, this 2-3 cm. long; leaf nerves more or less elevated or subimmersed, the veins obscurely and laxly reticulate; racemes about 10 cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; ovary rusty-tomentose; stigma scarcely clavate. Variable; the specimens by Killip and Smith were determined by the latter as R. Gardneri Meisn., a form typically of interior Brazil with more elevated leaf nervation. See Field Mus. Bot. 11: 66. 1931. Neg. 11749. San Martin: Morales, Alto Rio Huallaga, 900 meters, Williams 5703. Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, Klug 3742; a tree of 4 meters, the flowers light yellow. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7439. Moyobamba, 800 meters, Weberbauer 4480; 290. Junin: Chan- chamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 426; Isern 2327. San Ramon, 900-1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 24782, 24891. Rio Perene", 600 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 25114; a slender shrub of 1.5-2 meters; flowers creamy white. Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25035. Loreto: Along the Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3431. Cuzco: Santa Ana, 800 meters, Weberbauer 5024; also Uru- bamba (280). North to the Guianas and Costa Rica. "Ingaina," "arellan." Roupala cordifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 152. pi. 118. 1817. Much branched, the branchlets glabrous; petioles to 2.5 cm. long; leaves to about 10 cm. long, remotely and coarsely dentate or subentire, fleshy-coriaceous, soon glabrous, the laxly reticulate veins subimmersed; racemes reddish-pubescent, very much longer than the leaves; flowers 8-10 mm. long, white, the slender, rusty- tomentose pedicels 2-3 times longer; stigma clavate. Cajamarca: Jae"n de Bracamoros (Humboldt, type). Huambos, Weberbauer 4192. Ecuador; Colombia. Roupala Dielsii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 65. 1931. A glabrous shrub with slender, few-branched, densely leafy branchlets; leaves elliptic-oblong or somewhat obovate, basally FLORA OF PERU 373 attenuate to the (3-5 mm. long) petiole, shortly and broadly acu- minate, 10 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, somewhat lustrous above but scarcely veiny, opaque beneath, the lateral veins elevated but obscurely reticulate, finally subcoriaceous, entire below but more or less denticulate above the middle; racemes with flowers about 2 cm. wide, as long as the leaves, glabrous or glabrescent, only the ovary reddish-tomentose; flowers 3.5 mm. long, a little longer than the pedicels; style 6 mm. long, the stigma distinctly clavate. Loreto: Rio Itaya, Williams 114 (type). Roupala dolichopoda Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 35. 1916. A shrub of 2 meters; petioles 4-9.5 cm. long, slightly pilose basally; leaves coriaceous, finally glabrous, ovate, short-acuminate, nearly truncate at the base, appressed callous-serrate, 10-15 cm. long, 6.5-11 cm. wide; racemes sessile, rusty-pilose, becoming gla- brate, about 10 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long; perianth yellow- ish, rusty-pilose, 7-8 mm. long; ovary rusty-tomentose, the glabrous style obovate apically. Allied by the author with R. complicate/,. Neg. 11752. Piura: Above Ayavaca, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 6364 (type). Roupala ferruginea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 152. 1817. Apparently too near R. complicate, HBK., but the leaves obovate- oblong, entire, the costa beneath pubescent, even in age, otherwise glabrous, reticulate-veined, about 7 cm. long; stigma clavate. A shrub of 2 meters. Huanuco: Mito, 2,550 meters, 3447 (det. Johnston). Caja- marca(?): Chamay, Bracamoros (Humboldt, type). Roupala monosperma (R. & P.) I. M. Johnston, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 42. 1924. Embothrium monospermum R. & P. Fl. 1: 63. pi. 98. 1798. R. peruviana R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 192. 1811. Branchlet tips, leaves, especially beneath, and racemes densely pubescent with a more or less evanescent, nearly bright red or red- brown tomentum; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades glabrous above in age, obscurely toothed, somewhat obliquely elliptic, shortly acute at both ends, finally about 10 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; racemes 10 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; flowers glabrate, 6 mm. long, the tube about three times longer than the limb; fruit 3 cm. long, long-necked at the base, acute. Flowers greenish yellow or yellow (Weberbauer). R. Varelana Diels (named for the Director of the 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Madrid Bot. Garden), from Ecuador by Ruiz and Pavon, differs in its smaller, oblong-oval leaves and congested racemes, 3-5 cm. long. Negs. 11759, 27824. Junin: Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2168; 246. Mantaro Valley, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 6587. Huanuco: Pam- payacu, Sawada P. 28. Near Panao, Ruiz & Pavon. "Paco-paco de la sierra." Roupala pinnata (R. & P.) Diels in herb., comb. nov. Embo- thrium pinnatum R. & P. Fl. 1 : 163. pi. 97. 1798. R. diversifolia R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 193. 1810. Branchlets, racemes, and younger leaves beneath more or less rusty-tomentose; petioles 1.5 cm. long, rarely 2.5 cm.; leaves of young shoots more or less coarsely serrate or lobed or even pinnate, these with 5 pairs of leaflets, softly pubescent on both sides, strongly oblique, the twice larger terminal one to 8 cm. long and 4 cm. wide; normal leaves coarsely serrate, oval or roundish, almost equally attenuate at the base, sharply acute or cuspidately acuminate, about 6 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, lustrous above; racemes 10 cm. long; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; fruits short-necked at the base, acute, 2.5 cm. long. A compact tree of 5 meters (my specimen) with creamy white flowers. Bark fetid (Ruiz & Pavon). Leaves of the Jelski specimen very heavy, nearly round. Negs. 11765, 27822. Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn; at 2,100 meters, 3948. Posuso, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 6777. Cajamarca : Cutervo, Jelski 97(1}. "Paco-paco." Roupala Raimondii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 65. 1931. Glabrous except the slender, densely leafy branchlet tips, these evanescently reddish-pubescent; petioles to 4 cm. long; leaves finally 20-25 cm. long, the 4-7 pairs of ovate-lanceolate leaflets strongly unequal at the entire, cuneate base, medially spinescent-serrate, apically entire, long-acuminate, to 14 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, often smaller or the terminal a little larger; veins and veinlets obscurely and laxly reticulate on both sides; upper leaf surface slightly lustrous, the lower opaque, reddish; teeth mostly 4 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad at the base, a few larger, all straight or nearly so, apiculate, the sinus acute. Type sterile and possibly, but not at all certainly, the juvenile leaves of R. complicata or some other species, but those of R. complicata (rarely pinnate) are not at all spinescent-serrate, the teeth short. Neg. 11786. FLORA OF PERU 375 San Martin: Crown of sierras, Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams 5997 (type). Between Moyobamba and Tarapoto, Raimondi. Roupala spicata Baehni, sp. nov. Frutex vel arbor; ramuli petiolique leviter puberulo-tomentosi. Laminae (in sicco conduplicatae) ovatae, basi et apice acutae, margine indistincte dentatae, supra glabrescentes, subtus puberulae. Spicae axillares, ferrugineo-pilosae. Flores sessiles; sepala semper ad basin libera et medio coalescentia; antherae filamenta brevia; stylus glaber apice clavatus, ovarium uniloculare (semina 2) lanatum, glandulae hypogynae 4, liberae. Petioli 1.5-2.5 cm. longi; laminae 4-5 cm. latae, 5-6 cm. longae. Perianthium 8 mm. longum. Neg. 29570. Branches, petioles, and leaves beneath lightly puberulent- tomentose; petiole 1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades broadly ovate, shortly acute at base and apex, obscurely dentate, 4-5 cm. broad, 5-6 cm. long; spikes rusty-pilose, 2-3 times longer than the leaves; perianth segments coalescent at the middle, 8 mm. long; anthers subsessile; style clavate. Dr. Charles Baehni of the Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva, has studied this plant, which had been determined, obvi- ously in error, as R. cordifolia HBK. with pedicellate flowers (as all other species!). Cajamarca: Huambos, 2,300-2,500 meters, Weberbauer 1+192, type in Cons. Bot. Geneva. 51. LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 98-203. 1935. Traditionally known for the romantically and economically important mistletoe, this family in recent times has acquired addi- tional interest in the discovery that it contains a drug that affects blood pressure (see Gautier, Semaine Me"dicale 513. 1907) and rubber in important quantities, this from several members including Peruvian species (see Warburg, Tropenpflanzer 9: 633. 1905 and Engler & Krause, op. cit. 131 for additional references on both these subjects). Many of the Peruvian species, notably in the genera Phrygilanthus, Psittacanthus, and Gaiadendron, supply in flower brilliant patches of color in the green mass of vegetation along forest trails or river banks open to the sun. The family is very closely knit. The forms with a calyx or calyculus have been sorted into two groups, one comprising those with a 1-celled ovary, the other those with the ovary 2-several- celled. The segregation of these main divisions is based principally 376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII on the presence or absence of endosperm in the seed, supplemented by stamen characters. These characters occur in both Old and New World forms and, significantly, are not associated concomitantly or with other diagnostic features, not repetitive in some other com- bination. It may be questioned, therefore, whether they show a common origin and indicate a natural relationship; the genera resulting do not suggest it. Perhaps there have been similar parallel developments affording different combinations of the same characters in this very homogeneous family. However this may be, it seems possible to recognize the recently accepted genera so far as Peruvian species are concerned, but if one were to include the genus Loranthus L., only since Eichler restricted to the Old World, it would be appar- ent that only the presence of endosperm distinguishes the Peruvian group Aetanthus; if this establishes correctly a precedent, taxonomy of a family may be chiefly chemical. As a practical matter and as a matter of fact(!), there is a single highly natural genus, Loranthus L., world-wide in distribution, divisible into sections that may indi- cate the theoretical relationship of the species and groups of species. Those who believe that the presence or absence of endosperm is fundamental may thus express their judgment without depriving the phytogeographer, ecologist, pharmacist, traveler, to mention a few other than the professional taxonomist, of a group name for a group obviously and reasonably self-contained in nature. The extremes to which segregation must be carried logically have been shown recently by Danser. It is noteworthy that the segregate genera have been maintained mostly on characters, such as endo- sperm and ovary cells, completely different from those on which their authors founded them. In the following treatment the receptacle and its more or less developed edge are called the calyx, for which there is good prece- dent, inasmuch as it is unknown whether the edge of this structure is a reduced calyx or the edge of the blossom axil (receptacle); cf. Engler & Krause, op. cit. 119. It may be remarked that those who use the word calyculus for this edge, in practice nearly always apply the name to the entire structure, as evidenced in giving the length ; the term calyx, therefore, will be understood by everyone. The bracteal development that results in a cupula, so called, more or less enclosing the calyx and ovary, is mentioned here simply as cup. Flowers minute, more or less immersed in a fleshy rachis or borne in axillary clusters and strobiles, then sometimes tiny; calyx obsolete, except more or less evident in Oryctanthus. FLORA OF PERU 377 Flowers clustered and strobilate. Leaves alternate. Filaments elongate, free 1. Antidaphne. Filaments short, mostly united to the perianth segments. 2. Eremolepis. Leaves opposite 3. Lepidoceras. Flowers spicate. Flower parts 3; calyx wanting; spikes articulate. Anther cells confluent, 1-pored ; leaves often small or wanting. 4. Dendrophthora. Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally; leaves well de- veloped 5. Phorandendron. Flower parts 6; calyx present; spikes not articulate. 6. Oryctanthus. Flowers small to very large, or rarely tiny but never inserted in the rachis; calyx present. Anthers basifixed; ovary 1-celled; endosperm lacking. 7. Aetanthus. Anthers versatile; ovary 1-several-celled. Ovary 2-several-celled ; endosperm ruminate; leaves more or less punctate beneath; flowers in 3's, each calyx subtended by a persistent, spreading bractlet 8. Gaiadendron. Ovary 1-celled; characters other than above, at least in part. Flowers showy, usually 1 cm. long to much longer. Endosperm present; calyx not enclosed in a cup but if obviously bracteolate (bractlets often promptly cadu- cous or minute), the bractlet sometimes foliaceous but the flowers then not ternate. . .9. Phrygilanthus. Endosperm lacking; each calyx more or less enclosed in a cup, this sometimes shallow, or the calyces, borne in 3's, often subtended by one concave bractlet, this sometimes foliaceous 10. Psittacanthus. Flowers small, rarely 6 mm. long. Crowded inflorescences basally white-bracteolate. 11. Peristethium. Open or simple inflorescences not white-bracteolate. 12. Struthanthus. 378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 1. ANTIDAPHNE P. & E. A small shrub with alternate, roundish-obovate leaves and small, clustered, strobile-like spikes, their imbricate bracts caducous at anthesis. Staminate flowers apetalous; perianth segments of the pistillate flower 3. The Peruvian species grows especially on Lauraceae. Antidaphne viscoidea P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 70. pi. 199. 1838. Leaves on flowering branchlets obovate, about 5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, the terminal and those on older branches rotund-obovate, to 6 cm. wide and 9 cm. long, the reticulate venation prominent; flowers cream-colored. Weberbauer found it between 2,700 and 3,000 meters. Neg. 11822. Cajamarca: San Miguel, Weberbauer 3929; 258. Chugur, Weber- bauer 4099; 259. San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600 meters, Klug 3594.. Huanuco: Cochero and Pampayacu, Poeppig 1308. Bolivia to Colombia. 2. EREMOLEPIS Griseb. Shrubs allied to Antidaphne, but the perianth segments often 4 and present also in the staminate flowers. Leaves 3-5-nerved. No Peruvian specimens found cited, but in the Pflanzenfamilien it is stated that there are 6 species in "Chile, Peru, Brazil, and Cuba." Perhaps most to be expected is Eremolepis punctulata (Clos) Griseb. emend. Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3: 215. 1880. Lepidoceras punctulata Clos in Gay, Fl. Chile 3: 165. 1847. Pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; perianth segments deciduous from the fruit. E. Schottii (Eichl.) Engler has the two sorts of flowers on different branches of the same shrub and perianth segments persistent; E. Glazioui (van Tiegh.) Engler has both sorts of flowers together, the perianth segments concrete with the pistil, and fruits borne at the base of short, leafy branchlets. Peru: (Possibly). Chile. 3. LEPIDOCERAS Hook. f. Much branched shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary racemes, the tiny flowers dioecious. Unlike the two preceding related genera, the seeds are without endosperm. Grows on Myrtaceae. Author- itatively (see Pflanzenfam.) but surely not unquestionably Peruvian. FLORA OF PERU 379 Lepidoceras Dombeyi Hook. f. Fl. Ant. 2: 293. 1846. Branches very slender; leaves elliptic-obovate, typically sharply apiculate; staminate flowers closely bracteate, the pistillate bracts soon foliaceous. Isern 2136, "Chanchamayo," but without original label, the leaves obtuse or mucronulate, is L. Kingii Hook. f. As Chanchamayo, Peru, is a region totally different phytogeographically from the known range of the genus, the Isern locality is almost surely an error. 4. DENDROPHTHORA Eichl. Leafy plants, similar in appearance to Phoradendron, from which they must be distinguished as indicated in the key, except that in general they are less robust or smaller, with the flowers in single rows on each side of the rachis. Leaves developed. Leaves mostly or all of them 2 cm. long or longer. Petioles obvious. Leaves 4-6 cm. long. Petioles 1-2 cm. long; pistillate spikes 4-5 cm. long. D. leucocarpa. Petioles 1 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2 cm. long. .D. nodosa. Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long. Internodes terete; staminate flowers 50-100. D. hexasticha. Internodes (upper) compressed; staminate flowers rarely 60. Dioecious; petioles 5-12 mm. long. . . .D. chrysostachya. Monoecious; petioles 1.5-2.5 mm. long D. clavata. Petioles lacking; leaves linear D. linearifolia. Leaves, or at least most of them, 1.5 cm. long or shorter. Petioles obvious. Leaves acuminate; flowers monoecious D. Negeriana. Leaves obtuse; flowers dioecious. Leaves linear-spatulate D. Urbaniana. Leaves obovate-orbicular D. crassuloides. Petioles obsolete. Leaves 6-14 mm. long, nerveless. Leaves 6-10 (15) mm. long; spikes pistillate above, stam- inate below . . D. mesembryanthemifolia. 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves 8-14 mm. long; spikes entirely staminate. D. ferruginea. Leaves 5 mm. long, the lateral nerves obvious on both sides. D. ramosa. Leaves wanting or reduced to scales. Branches terete or quadrate; flowers 4-seriate. .D. fasciculata. Branches complanate; flowers 2-seriate D. Pavoni. Dendrophthora chrysostachya (Presl) Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 68. Viscum chrysostachyum Presl, Epim. Bot. 254. 1849. V. globuliflorum Presl, op. cit. 134. Phoradendron chrysostachyum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 107. 1868. Dioecious; internodes 2-5 cm. long; petioles 1.5-2.5 mm. long; leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long, 7-20 mm. broad, basally 3-5-nerved; staminate spikes pedunculate, 4-7 mm. long; fruit globose, nearly smooth. Huanuco: (Haenke). Muna, 2,100 meters, 3950. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 5135. Dendrophthora clavata (Benth.) Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896. Viscum clavatum Benth. PI. Hartw. 189. 1845. Phoradendron clavatum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 107. 1868. Allied to D. crassuloides but monoecious; leaves 1.5-4 cm. long, 7-20 mm. wide; peduncles 5-15 mm. long; flowers 6-7-seriate in 1-3- jointed spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, the lower staminate joint 24-66- flowered, the upper pistillate 18-42-flowered. Apparently not col- lected in Peru, but certainly occurring there. Neg. 29151. Peru: (Probably). Bolivia to Ecuador and Venezuela. Dendrophthora crassuloides (Presl) Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 62. Viscum crassuloides Presl, Epim. Bot. 252. 1849. Phoradendron crassuloides Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 107. 1868. Internodes soon terete, very shortly pilose, 2.5-5 cm. long; petioles 3-5 mm. long; leaves rounded at the apex, gradually nar- rowed to the petiole, 1-1.5 cm. long, nearly as broad, basally incon- spicuously 3-5-nerved; pistillate spikes to 1 cm. long, 1-2-articulate, the 4-8 flowers 4-5-seriate; peduncles 4-10 mm. long. Closely allied is D. portulacoides (Presl) Urban, with subcordate leaves and staminate spikes with 50-120 flowers in each joint, about 10-seriate. Huanuco: (Haenke). Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 737, 6124; 240- FLORA OF PERU 381 Dendrophthora fasciculata Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 441. 1911. Densely and fasciculately branched; spikes fasciculate, 4-5 cm. long, 5-7-articulate, the superior flowers often staminate, the lower pistillate, 8-12 in each joint; fruit white, to 1 cm. long, 3 mm. thick. On Euphorbia. Ancash: Prov. Huari, 2,700-2,800 meters, Weberbauer 3300 (type). Dendrophthora ferruginea Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 441. 1911. A slender, branching shrub, the internodes 2-2.5 cm. long; leaves linear, acuminate, 2 mm. wide; spikes solitary, 3-9 mm. long, 1-2-articulate, the peduncle 5 mm. long; flowers dioecious, ferruginous, 4-seriate, about 20 in each joint. Huanuco: Monz6n, 3,300-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 3382 (type). Dendrophthora hexasticha van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 182. 1896; 67. Similar to D. chrysostachya; young branchlets papillose-scabrous; petioles 3-10 mm. long; staminate spikes with 3-4 joints, the lower 6-seriate, sometimes 10-seriate, with 50-100 flowers, the pistillate 2-3-articulate, 6-seriate, the flowers 20-36. On Vaccinium. Neg. 29152. Puno: Tabma,Lechlerl927. Without locality: Dombey. Dendrophthora leucocarpa (Patsch.) Trel. Gen. Phor. 218. 1916. Phoradendron leucocarpum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438. 1911. A papillose-scabrous shrub, similar to D. nodosa; internodes 3-5 cm. long; leaves 2-2.5 cm. broad; pistillate spikes 5-7-jointed, each joint 30-34-flowered. Neg. 18189. Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500-3,100 meters, Weberbauer 2193, 2439. Dendrophthora linearifolia Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911. Glabrous, the branches terete or somewhat angled, the internodes 3 cm. long; leaves obtuse, 3-5.5 cm. long, 4 mm. broad; spikes soli- tary, sessile, not articulate, 5 mm. long, the upper flowers staminate, the lower pistillate, 4-seriate ; fruit white, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick. On Croton. Puno: Sandia, at 2,100-2,300 meters, Weberbauer 539 (type); 238. Dendrophthora mesembryanthemifolia Urban, Ber; Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 70. Monoecious, the younger branches definitely striate-pilose and, like the leaf margins, minutely papillose-pilose; leaves oblong- or 382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII linear-spatulate, the tip acute, recurved or obtuse and mucronulate, gradually narrowed to the base, 1-3 mm. broad; spikes mostly 2- jointed, the joints 3-12 mm. long, 6-seriate, 8-50-flowered. On Salvia. Cuzco: Valle del Apurimac, Herrera. Cuyocuyo, Weberbauer 868 (det. Patschovsky). Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14098. Mo- llepata, Herrera 1228 (det. Patschovsky). Puno: Agapata, Lechler 1893. Ayacucho: Totorabamba, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 5465. Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 3,900 meters, 4383. Mito, 2,700 meters, 1606. Cani, 2,550 meters, 3477. Dendrophthora Negeriana Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911. A slender shrub, the younger branches compressed, somewhat scabrous, the internodes 3 cm. long; leaves lance-ovate, narrowed to the (2 mm. long) petiole, 8-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad; spikes long-peduncled, solitary, 2-5 cm. long, 3-articulate, the flowers in each spike ferruginous, 2-seriate, 2-8 in each joint. Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 2138 (type). Dendrophthora nodosa Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439. 1911. Branches slender, papillose-scabrous, the internodes 2-2.5 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed to the petiole, prominently nerved, 1-2 cm. broad; spikes solitary, the very slender staminate ones 4 cm. long, 3-articulate, on a peduncle 6 mm. long; flowers dioecious, 6-seriate, about 42 to each joint; pistillate spikes 2-articu- late, the 2-5-seriate flowers 4-15 in each joint. Puno: Toward Chunchosmayo, 1,800-2,600 meters, Weberbauer 1078 (type). Dendrophthora Pavoni van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43: 182. 1896; 71. Leafless; flowers 1-2-seriate. Allied by the author to D. Man- cinellae Eichl. of Cuba. D. Poeppigii van Tiegh., of the upper Amazon, is monoecious, the 2-5-jointed spikes staminate above, pistillate below, the lower joint 4-6-flowered. Peru, the locality unknown. Dendrophthora ramosa Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911. A strongly branched shrub, the internodes 2 cm. long; leaves spatulate, narrowed toward the tip, 2 mm. wide; spikes solitary, the peduncle 10-13 mm. long, with 1 or rarely 2 joints 10-27 mm. long; staminate flowers ferruginous, 4-seriate, 40-82 on each joint. Huanuco: Near Monzon, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3369 (type). FLORA OF PERU 383 Dendrophthora Urbaniana Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911. A slender, much branched, often pilose shrub, drying yellow; branches terete, the internodes 2-3.5 cm. long; leaves 8-14 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, rarely pilose, finely nerved, narrowed to the (3 mm. long) petiole; spikes mostly solitary, the staminate 1-2 cm. long, the 2-seriate flowers 12-18 in the 1-2 joints; peduncle 3-5 mm. long; pistillate spikes 7 mm. long, each joint 4-flowered; fruit globose, drying yellow, plicate-rugose, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick. Neg. 27825. Amazonas: Near Chachapoyas, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 4404, 4388; 263. 5. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Reference: Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 1916. The key characters may serve to identify this well known genus. It contains species that are harmful on account of their parasitic habit on useful plants, notably in the Amazonian region on planta- tions of young Hevea rubber trees (Warburg). The following com- pilation is almost wholly drawn from the monograph by Trelease. Three new species by him, kindly communicated by Mr. Ellsworth P. Killip, are included, for which I have supplied Latin diagnoses. Scales present only on the basal joint of each branch. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide, 1-3 cm. long. Leaves 3 cm. long, 3-nerved P. Ernestianum. Leaves 1 cm. long, enervose P. virgatum. Leaves about 1 cm. wide, 12-13 cm. long P. angustifolium. Leaves much broader. Leaves basinerved. Nerves fine; leaves rather thin P. semiteres. Nerves coarse; leaves fleshy P. obliqua. Leaves pinnately nerved. Spikes scarcely 2 cm. long, very slender P. Mathewsii. Spikes mostly longer, in any case rather stout. Spikes clustered, at least at some nodes . . P. Englerianum. Spikes solitary P. peruvianum. Scales present on all nodes. Stems continuous or prevailingly not branching at all nodes; flowers in 4-10 series. 384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves obscurely pinnate- veined beneath; flowers 4 (-6). P. piperoides. Leaves basinerved; flowers in (4-) 6 or more series. Flowers in 6 or fewer series, the spikes 2-5 cm. long. Spikes often clustered; leaves rather obscurely nerved. Leaves broadly elliptic, 3-10 cm. wide; scales several. P. crassifolium. Leaves nearly orbicular, 7-12 cm. wide; scales a single pair. P. Albert-Smithii. Spikes mostly or all solitary; leaves heavily nerved beneath. Scales a solitary pair; leaves 5-7 cm. wide. P. Urbanianum. Scales several; leaves 3-5.5 cm. wide. . . P. ayacuchanum. Flowers in 8(6)-10 series, the spikes about 6 cm. long. Leaf nerves obvious at the base; scales about 1 cm. above the node P. Lindavianum. Leaf nerves completely lacking; scales nodal. P. Macbridei. Stems normally forking at each node; flowers in 2-4 series; leaves basally nerved P. huallagense. Phoradendron Albert-Smithii Trelease, sp. nov. Internodiis gracilibus, 3-4 mm. crassis, 15 cm. longis, teretibus; vaginis cataphyllaribus 2 ad omnia internodia, paullo supra basin abeuntibus; foliis 7-12 cm. latis fere rotundatis, ad basin longe (1 cm.) angustatis, vix coriaceis basinerviis, nervis tenuibus; spicis plerumque 3-5.3 cm. longis, 5-articulatis; floribus circa 22 in quovis articulo in seriebus 4 (2)-6 dispositis. Aequatoriales- Percurrentes. Glabrous, the long, slender internodes 3-4 mm. thick, 15 cm. long, terete, with an annular pair of cataphylls shortly above the base of each; leaves 7-12 cm. broad, drying rather thin, dull green and finely basinerved on both sides, cuneately tapered at the base for about 1 cm.; spikes yellow, before flowering 3 cm. long, with about 5 joints, these about 22-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) or 6 series. Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters (Killip & Smith 11598; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.). Phoradendron angustifolium (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 115. 1868; 65. Loranthus angustifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 442. 1820. FLORA OF PERU 385 Not forked, the rather thin, basally finely nerved leaves about 10 cm. long; scales a single pair 5-10 mm. above the base of the joint, spreading; spikes somewhat clustered, 2 cm. long, slender, with 3-6 oblong joints, these 30-40-flowered, the pistillate flowers in about 4 series; peduncle 4-6 mm. long, the scales narrowly white- margined; fruit 4 cm. thick, smooth, the sepals inflexed. Allied is P. parietioides Trel., to which Tessmann 4880 from the Maranon may possibly belong; it has somewhat falcate, finely nerved, veiny leaves 1.5-2 cm. wide; fruit ellipsoid, 3 mm. thick, 4.5 mm. long, the sepals spreading. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 79. Cajamarca(?) : Olleras to Mt. Aipate (Bonpland 3508). With- out locality: Pavon (scales ciliate; pistillate spikes 30 mm. long, about 12-flowered at the end of the joint). Bolivia. Phoradendron ayacuchanum Trelease, sp. nov. Internodiis 3-4 mm. latis 13 cm. longis teretibus sed versus nodos paullo dilatatis; vaginis cataphyllaribus ad omnia internodia, 2 ad infimum internodium tantum obviis, 3 vel 4 alteris supra basin insertis; foliis falcato-lanceolatis, basi apiceque cuneato-angustatis, obtusis, 3-5.5 cm. latis, 15-17 cm. longis, nervis e basi conspicuis; spicis plerumque solitariis 2 cm. longis 4-5-articulatis, floribus 4-seriatis circa 10 in quovis articulo; perianthio clause. Aequa- toriales-Crassifoliae. Glabrous, dark green, the leaves drying coriaceous and dull brown; internodes 3-4 mm. thick, 13 cm. long or longer, terete except at the slightly flattened nodes; cataphylls a sterile basal pair and 3 or 4 subequally spaced, fertile pairs between each 2 leaf nodes, broad and pointed; leaves falcately lanceolate, gradually blunt- acuminate, 15-17 cm. long, cuneately subsessile, heavily basinerved; spikes subsolitary, 2 cm. long, with 4 or 5 round-turbinate joints, these about 10-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) series; sepals closed. Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters (Killip & Smith 22713; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.). Phoradendron crassifolium Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 125. pi 48. 1868; 144. Occasionally pseudodichotomous; scales several pairs, only the upper (often soon deciduous) fertile; leaves very thick and dull, more or less lanceolately or elliptically ovate, obtuse or bluntly pointed, 3-10 cm. wide, 8-16 cm. long, rounded or attenuate at the base; spikes occasionally forming a compound, terminal inflorescence; 386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII joints about 5, scarcely 10-flowered; peduncle 5 mm. long, often with several pairs of crowded scales; fruit yellowish, slightly granular, 4 mm. thick, the sepals closely inflexed. The Mathews specimen is ascribed by Trelease to "Martens," presumably an error. Illus- trated, Trelease pi. 213-214. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6126, 6588. Moyobamba (Mathews 1622; leaves 9 cm. wide, 16 cm. long, acuminate). Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 215. La Merced, 600 meters, 5531; Weberbauer 1860; 283. Cuzco: Valle de Santa Ana, Herrera 992. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 420, 42. Bolivia to Central America and the West Indies. Phoradendron Englerianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439. 1911; 133. Similar to P. peruvianum, the internodes sometimes somewhat quadrangular; scales often 2 or even 3 pairs, within 10 mm. of the base; leaves 2.5-6 cm. wide, 9-15 cm. long, cuneate to the petiole, this 5 cm. long; spikes more or less clustered, subsessile. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 196. Junin: Tarma, Weberbauer 1903, 1904; 283. Phoradendron Ernestianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439. 1911; 121. Somewhat pseudodichotomous, the upper internodes rhombically 4-angled; scales a single pair, nearly basal; leaves lanceolate, acute, 3-nerved, cuneately subsessile; spikes mostly solitary, subsessile, 10-25 mm. long, the 3-5 rounded joints about 6-flowered, the flowers in about 4 series; scales scarcely ciliate; fruit granular, nearly 3 mm. thick, the erect sepals separated. Illustrated, Tre- lease pi. 177. Cajamarca: Balsas to Celedin, Weberbauer 4251. Phoradendron huallagense Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 158. 1906; 155. Cymosely dichotomous; scales a solitary, nearly basal pair; leaves ovate, lustrous, mucronate, acuminate to very obtuse, 2-2.5 cm. wide, 5-6 cm. long, cuneately subsessile; spikes solitary, 1 to finally 3 cm. long, with about 4 short, 4-flowered joints; peduncle scarcely 2 cm. long; fruit white, granular, roughened, 2 mm. thick, 4 mm. long, the slightly parted sepals erect. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 267. FLORA OF PERU 387 Loreto: Huallaga, Ule 6664, type. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, King 1123. Florida, 180 meters, King 21 75. "Beguefide" (Huitoto name). Phoradendron Lindavianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438. 1911; 155. Not dichotomous or scarcely so, the long, thick branches some- what flattened below the nodes, the elliptic-ovate leaves drying golden yellow; scales one pair, sharply deltoid, keeled, borne about 1 cm. above the base of the joint; leaves more or less mucronate, obtuse to emarginate, 4-9 cm. wide, 10-15 cm. long, decurrent on the petiole, this 10 mm. long; joints about 4, often over 100-flowered, the granular peduncle 5-10 mm. long; fruit (immature) 3 mm. thick, 5 mm. long, the sepals closely inflexed. Illustrated, Trelease pi 235. Puno: On Aralia, Weberbauer 1288 (type). Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig. Phoradendron Macbridei Standl., sp. nov. Kami crassissimi subcompressi, internodiis valde elongatis infra nodos dilatatis, cataphyllis ad basin internodii infimi tantum insertis; folia magna crassissima, petiolis crassissimis vix ultra 6 mm. longis; lamina oblonga vel oblanceolato-oblonga 8-15 cm. longa 3.5-7 cm. lata, apice late rotundata vel breviter emarginata, basi acuta vel basin versus sensim angustata, utrinque profunde dense rugulosa; spicae solitariae sessiles circa 4 cm. longae crassae, nodis circa 6, floribus numerosis circa hexastichis. Berries white. Huanuco: Muna, 2,100 meters, Macbride 3954 (type in Herb. Field Mus.). Phoradendron Mathewsi Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 133. 1916. Allied to P. peruvianum, and similar; leaves somewhat obliquely elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. wide, 16 cm. long, cuneately decurrent on the petiole, this less than 1 cm. long; spikes clustered, 1.5-2 cm. long, the 3-4 very Blender joints sometimes 8-flowered, the flowers in about 4 series; peduncle 2 mm. long; fruit (immature) 2 mm. thick. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 197. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews, type. San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 6979. "Pishcuisman." Phoradendron obliquum (Presl) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 134. 1868; 86. Viscum obliquum Presl, Epim. Bot. 225. 1849. 388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Thick-stemmed, the nearly basal scales sometimes 2 pairs and ordinarily another pair 2-3 cm. higher, tubular; leaves lanceolate, often falcate, very obtuse, 4-8 cm. wide, 10-23 cm. long, basally attenuate to the thick petiole; spikes 5-6 cm. long, the short, swollen joints sometimes 30-40-flowered, the flowers in 4-6 series; peduncle stout, scarcely 5 mm. long, with about 3 pairs of scales; fruit smooth, 3 mm. thick (immature), the sepals closed. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 117. Huanuco: Huanuco Mountains (Haenke, type). Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3811. San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7008. Ecuador. Phoradendron peruvianum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 123. 1868; 131. Scarcely dichotomous, the internodes ancipitally compressed; scales a single pair, nearly basal, white-margined; leaves broadly lanceolate, sometimes falcate, acute to obtuse, 3-5 cm. wide, 6-12 cm. long, basally acute, the petiole 5-7 mm. long; spikes solitary, finally 4-5 cm. long, the 3-5 stout, oblong joints about 50-flowered, the flowers in 6 series; peduncle stout, 3-4 mm. long; fruit wide, smooth, 4 mm. thick, the sepals closed. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 193. Without locality, Ruiz & Pavdn. Huanuco: Muna, 2,100 meters, 3970. Phoradendron piperoides (HBK.) Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 145. 1916. Loranthus piperoides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 443. 1820. Rather frequently pseudodichotomous or dichotomous; scales 1-5 pairs toward the base of the lowest joint or 10-15 mm. above the base of the other joints, white-margined; leaves lanceolate to round-ovate, mucronately subacute to bluntly acuminate, 2.5-5 cm. wide, 6-10 cm. long; spikes slender, mostly clustered, usually reddish, 3-6 cm. long, with about 6 joints, these 10-15-flowered; peduncle 2-3 cm. long; fruit yellow or orange, warty to smooth, about 4 mm. thick, 5 mm. long, the ascending sepals slightly parted. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 217, 222. Loreto: Along Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3345, 3052. El Recreo, 200 meters, Williams 3943. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 615. Near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27523. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn. Huanuco: Rio Huallaga Canyon, 1,200 meters, 4246. Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3720. San Martin: Rio Mayo, Williams 6284- Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams FLORA OF PERU 389 6915. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 6980. Juanjui, 400 meters, Klug 3868. Argentina to Mexico. "Suelda con suelda." Phoradendron platycaulon Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 108. pi. 33. 1868. Branches with scales on all the joints, strongly compressed and much dilated, striate, bright green; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse; spikes clustered, 25 mm. long or less, the joints about 3, 4-6-flowered. Easily recognized by the rather slender and strongly compressed branches. Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2342. Amazonian Brazil and French Guiana. Phoradendron quadrangulare (HBK.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 35. 1898. Loranthus quadrangularis HBK. Nov. Gen. &Sp. 3:444. 1820. Plants rather slender, the branches conspicuously 4-angulate, only the basal joints with cataphylls; leaves narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong, conspicuously petiolate, 4-6 cm. long, obtuse, cune- ately narrowed at the base; spikes clustered, 3-4 cm. long, the 3-5 slender joints 12-26-flowered; berries white, subglobose, 3 mm. in diameter, the sepals closely inflexed. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 154, 155. Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8026. San Martin: Tarapoto, 800 meters, Williams 5496, 6307. Ecuador and Colombia. "Pishco isman." Phoradendron semiteres Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 69. pi. 85. 1916. Somewhat pseudodichotomous; scales a single pair, tubular- bifid, scarious-margined ; leaves obliquely or subfalcately lanceolate, obtuse, about 3 cm. wide, 10 cm. long, 5-7-nerved, cuneately decur- rent for 10-15 mm.; spikes more or less clustered, to 3 cm. long in fruit, the usually 3 ellipsoid joints 10-23-flowered, the flowers in about 4 series; peduncle 2 mm. long, the scarious-margined scales eciliate; fruit red, nearly smooth, 3 mm. thick, the sepals closed. Peru: Without locality (Ruiz & Pavori). Bolivia. Phoradendron Urbanianum Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 157. 1906; 155. Very sparingly forked, drying olive; scales a single pair, about 5 mm. above the base of the joint, sharply deltoid, keeled; leaves 390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII elliptic-lanceolate, mucronately acuminate to obtuse, 5-7 cm. wide, 8-13 cm. long, cuneately wing-petioled for about 10 cm.; joints about 4 and 30-flowered, the slightly granular peduncle 3 cm. thick, 4 cm. long. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 234. Loreto(?): Cerro de Escalera, Vie 6681 (type). Phoradendron virgatum Trelease, sp. nov. Ramis elongatis, internodiis 2-4 cm. longis teretibus; vaginis cataphyllaribus ad basin ramorum, ad internodia caetera nullis; foliis oblongis 2 mm. latis 10 mm. longis obtusis sessilibus, nervis obsoletis; spicis 1-5 ad 3 cm. longis circa 3-articulatis; floribus in articulo 9 vel 11, 4-seriatis; baccis in statu juvenili globosis, sepalis inflexis. Aequitoriales-Virgatae. Dark green, glabrous, the long, virgate branches with short (2-4 cm.), terete internodes; cataphylls (not seen) evidently limited to the basal joints; leaves oblong, 2 mm. wide, reflexed, obtuse, sessile, drying concave, coriaceous, not evidently nerved; spikes commonly clustered, about 3 cm. long, with about 3 swollen joints, these 9-11-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) ranks; peduncle 3 mm. long, the scales blunt, connate; fruit (immature) globose, with inflexed or meeting sepals. Junin: Carpapata, 2,400 meters (Killip & Smith 24350; type in Herb. Field Mus.). Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, 3343. 6. ORYCTANTHUS (Griseb.) Eichl. Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 87-92. 1868. Plants parasitic on shrubs and trees, usually with aerial roots and short, axillary racemes of small flowers, the flowers of the Peruvian species perfect. Closely allied to Struthanthus, but the calyx throat barely developed and the bractlets greatly reduced or obsolete. The genus is well illustrated in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 174 (0. ruficaulis Eichl.). The species or the forms so recognized are defined very indefinitely, even the presence or absence of the very minute bractlets, often promptly caducous, being of question- able worth as a specific character. Leaves broad and somewhat clasping 0. amplexicaulis. Leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, not clasping. Spikes pedunculate; leaves often 3 cm. wide or wider. Spikes mostly in a terminal raceme; bractlets obvious. 0. amazonicus. FLORA OF PERU 391 Spikes, at least many of them, axillary. Leaves opposite 0. botryostachys. Leaves alternate 0. ovalifolius. Spikes sessile or subsessile, all axillary; leaves 2-2.5 (-3) cm. wide. 0. florulentus. Oryctanthus aniazonicus Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 152. 1907. Similar to 0. botryostachys Eichl., but the spikes in the upper leaf axils passing into a terminal raceme 10-25 cm. long, and with tooth-like but caducous bractlets present; branchlets, petioles, and spikes rusty-red-furfuraceous; leaves ovate, 7-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, nerved and reticulately veined ; flowers crowded, yellowish. Doubtfully distinct. Neg. 11818. Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6252 (type). Pisco, Rio Nanay, Williams 1284. Oryctanthus amplexicaulis (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 88. 1868. Loranthus amplexifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 445. 1820. Nearly glabrous, with subrotund or oval, obsoletely nerved leaves several cm. wide that are subamplexicaul ; spikes mostly in a terminal raceme, the peduncles 5-12 mm. long, the spikes little longer. Well marked by its bluntly rounded, sessile leaves. Loreto: San Isidro, Tessmann ^951 (det. Krause). Colombia to the Guianas. "Suelda con suelda." Oryctanthus botryostachys Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 89. pi. 29. 1868. Terete branchlets, petioles (2-4 mm. long), and peduncles more or less rusty-furfuraceous, becoming glabrate; leaves broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded at the apex or rather acuminate, 5-8 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. broad, rounded to the acute juncture with the petiole; nervation obvious but faint; spikes in several leaf axils and in a terminal raceme several cm. to 10 cm. long or longer; peduncles about 1 cm. long, the spikes often twice as long; flowers 2-3 mm. distant; bractlets rudimentary, caducous. The Weberbauer plant is more than usually reddish and scurfy, and the determination perhaps questionable. The name is sometimes written by recent authors bothryostachys. 0. spicatus (Jacq.) Eichl. has no (or poorly developed) terminal inflorescence, the flowers 4-5 mm. distant. Neg. 19045. 392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII San Martin: Moyobamba, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer 4766; 290 (det. Patschovsky). San Roque, Williams 7290. Junin: Hacienda Schunke, 1,600 meters, Killip & Smith 24829 (toward 0. florulentus). Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 248.- Loreto: Iquitos, on Siparuna, Killip & Smith 27218 (det. Smith). Yurimaguas, Williams 3819 (form with subsessile spikes). Contamana, 150 meters, on Anona, Killip & Smith 26875. Brazil to the Guianas. "Pishcu isman," "suelda con suelda," "pishcumicuna." Oryctanthus florulentus (Rich.) Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 31. 1897. Loranthus florulentus Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 107. 1792. L. ruficaulis P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 61. pi. 185. 1838. 0. ruflcaulis Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 90. pi. 30. 1868. Branches more or less compressed-angulate and, with the young leaves, reddish-scurfy, becoming glabrous; petioles 3-5 mm. long; leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, usually 3-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, most often rounded at each end, or subacute; spikes 1-3 cm. long; flowers red, bracteolate. 0. spicatus (Jacq.) Eichl. has been mistaken for this species; it resembles more 0. botryostachys, which compare. Neg. 21396. San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4490; 290 (det. Patschov- sky). San Roque, Williams 7288. Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer 3545; 256 (det. Patschovsky as 0. spicatus; cf. also 0. botryostachys). Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3596, 1407. Pebas, on Citrus, Williams 1764- Brazil; Guianas. Oryctanthus ovalifolius (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931. Loranthus ovalifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 50. pi. 177. 1802. Struthanthus ovalifolius G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 411. 1834. Simple-stemmed, glabrous, very fleshy; leaves short-petioled, oval, about 2.5 cm. long; spikes solitary or geminate, 1 cm. long; flowers sessile in the fleshy rachis, crowded; calyx none or minute; fruit oval, purplish. Referred by Eichler to 0. botryostachys with a query; perhaps a Struthanthus. Huanuco: Pillao; Chacahuasi (Ruiz & Pavdn). 7. AETANTHUS (Eichl.) Engler Nodosely jointed, dichotomously branched plants with heavy leaves and short, axillary racemes of showy flowers. The group could be retained, as by Eichler, in Psittacanthus, but the anthers are very slender and basifixed as in Loranthus of the Old World, which it resembles except for the lack of endosperm ; see remark at beginning FLORA OF PERU 393 of family. The nearly related Psathyranthus amazonicus Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 156. pi. 2. 1907, to be expected, has fleshy anthers. The following names represent, probably, in reality only about three variable species. Anthers cross-celled. Petioles slender, 1-2.5 cm. long. Leaves obovate, long-attenuate at the base, 4-8 cm. wide. A. cauliflorus. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. wide A. coriaceus. Petioles stout, rarely as long as 12 mm. Flowers 7.5-10 cm. long; leaves about 6 cm. wide .... A. nodosus. Flowers 5-6 cm. long; leaves to 4.5 cm. wide. . .A. subandinus. Anthers not cross-celled. Leaves 3-4.5 cm. wide, obscurely veined A. ornatus. Leaves 5-6 cm. wide, obviously veined A. Paxianus. Aetanthus cauliflorus Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 153. 1907. Leaves 3-5-verticillate, 12-20 cm. long, long-attenuate to the petiole, this 1.5-2 cm. long, often attenuate also to the obtusish apex; flowers 6-7 cm. long; filaments sharply papillose. Otherwise apparently very similar to A. subandinus. Neg. 3293. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,400 meters, Ule 6908 (type). Aetanthus coriaceus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911. Petioles 1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaves obtuse, 7-8.5 cm. long, the lateral nerves slender; calyculus 5 mm. long; flowers to 8 cm. long, red below, orange above; fruit 2 cm. long, 7 mm. thick. Cajamarca: Above San Miguel, Weberbauer 3938 (type); 258. Aetanthus nodosus (Desr.) Engler, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 3, pt. 1: 136. 1897. Loranthus nodosus Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 601. 1792. L. dichotomus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45. pi. 274. 1802. Psittacanthus dichotomus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 27. 1868. Branches often ternate; petioles short or 10-12 mm. long; leaves verticillate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, lightly nerved, the lateral nerves about 7 ; peduncles about equaling the petioles, 4-6-flowered ; flowers tubular, pendulous, red below, yellow above; fruit greenish yellow, oval, 2 cm. long, 12 mm. thick. In Herb. Madrid the Ruiz and Pavon specimen is identified by Krause as Psittacanthus dichotomus! 394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn; (Jussieu, type). Pampayacu, Sawada 34. Tambo de Vaca, 3,900 meters, 4900. "Mocma," "mucma." Ae tan thus ornatus Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 206. 1922. Petioles 10-13 mm. long; leaves narrowly elliptic or obovate, narrowed at the base, 5-8 cm. long; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; flowers scarlet, with orange limb, the tube 14-18 mm. long, 3 mm. thick at the base to 6 mm. at the apex, the lobes 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. broad; filaments 14-16 mm. long, the anthers 12-15 mm. long. Nearly A. Mutisii (HBK.) Engler, of Ecuador, but the leaves and flowers smaller and the petioles a little longer. Neg. 3295. Piura: Above Palambla, Weberbauer 6057 (type). Aetanthus Paxianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911. Not apparently distinguishable from A. ornatus except by the broader, ovate leaves, 8-10 cm. long, the flowers 6-8.5 cm. long, and the filaments 2-2.5 cm. long; fruit ovate, 2 cm. long, 13 mm. thick. Neg. 3296. Huanuco: Near Monzon, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 3390 (type); 255. Aetanthus subandinus Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 154. 1907. Branches terete, rarely trichotomous; leaves ternate, obovate or broadly oblong, 7-9 cm. long, 3.5-4.5 cm. wide, narrowed to the (3-5 mm. long) petiole, coriaceous, indistinctly nerved; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyculus 2-3 mm. long; flowers scarlet; filaments 4 mm. long, epapillose. Neg. 3297. San Martin: Cerro de Cumbasa, 1,000 meters, Vie 6318, type. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4367. Pumayacu, 600- 1,200 meters, King 3164 (det. Standley). Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2106; flowers brick-red and yellow. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2072. Florida, Klug 2254- "Ucuguifise" (Huitoto Indian name). 8. GAIADENDRON G. Don Typically well marked as indicated in the key; also the original species becomes a tree and subsists then independently. However, two of the Peruvian species are, so far as known, parasitic shrubs, and have been determined in Herb. Madrid by Krause as Phrygi- lanthus sp., following Eichler who, however, reduced the genus Gaia- FLORA OF PERU 395 dendron to Phrygilanthus, although Krause himself accepts it; cL Pflanzenfam. loc. cit. Dr. Charles Baehni has kindly verified my assumption from appearance that these parasitic shrubs must be associated with the original Gaiadendron, if the genus is maintained, and the transfer of the species is here made for him, with his permis- sion. G. Don included Phrygilanthus eugenioides (HBK.) Eichl. here on the basis of its punctate leaves and sometimes terrestrial habit, but it lacks the persistent bractlets and, presumably, has a 1-celled ovary. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate; flowers white or yellowish white. G. Tagua. Leaves rounded at the apex or merely acute, often obovate; flowers yellow. Leaves more or less obovate, rounded or blunt, densely punctate beneath; terrestrial trees. Bracts not foliaceous. Flowers about 2 cm. long; ovary 1-1.75 mm. wide. G. puracense. Flowers about 3 cm. long; ovary 2 mm. wide. .G. punctatum. Bracts foliaceous G. macranthum. Leaves not obovate, acutish, with few or obscure punctations; parasitic shrubs. Leaves lance-oblong, to 7 cm. long, less than half as broad. G. lanceolatum. Leaves elliptic, mostly 2.5-4 cm. long G. ellipticum. Gaiadendron ellipticum (R. & P.) Baehni, comb. nov. Loranthus ellipticus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 276. 1802. Phrygilanthus ellipticus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868. Apparently too similar to P. lanceolatus, but the leaf blades somewhat shorter, the longest about 5 cm. long, on petioles 4-6 mm. long; racemes densely flowered, 3 cm. long. The leaves of both species are sparsely punctate beneath. Neg. 29469. Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 2,800 meters, Herrera 683. Calca, 3,000 meters, Herrera 2091. Ollan- taitambo, 3,000 meters, Pennell 13666. "Matapalo." Gaiadendron lanceolatum (R. & P.) Baehni, comb. nov. Loranthus lanceolatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 278. 1802. L. lancifolius 396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Poir. ex R. & S. Syst. 7: 142. 1829. Phrygilanthus lanceolatus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868. A brown-barked shrub with yellow flowers borne ternately in axillary and terminal racemes 4-7 cm. long; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. broad, slightly lustrous above, punctate and drying brown beneath, obsoletely veined; petioles 7-10 mm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; bracts ovate, 4 mm. long, reflexed, persistent; flowers about 12 mm. long, the 7-8 divisions nearly filiform; fruit oblong. Neg. 29460. Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon (type). Gaiadendron macranthum Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 44. 1934. Leaves obovate, 3.5-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm. wide; bracts similar to the leaves, 10-25 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, persistent; bractlets ovate, 5-7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; flowers in 3's, the lateral short- pediceled; calyx cylindric, 4 mm. long, the margin flaring, entire; petals 7, orange, 3-3.5 cm. long. Not clearly distinct from G. punctatum, but the author separates it on "the large leaf -like bracts, larger bractlets, and longer petals." A shrub about 2 meters high (Weberbauer). Ayacucho: Putis, Choimacota valley, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 7523 (type). Gaiadendron punctatum (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 432. 1834. Loranthus punctatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 277. 1802. Taguaria punctata Raf. Sylva Tell. 125. 1838. Phrygilanthus punc- tatus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868. A tall shrub or small tree with very erect, terete branches; petioles 4-5 mm. long; leaf blades oval or somewhat obovate, acutish at the base, rounded at the blunt apex, to 7 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, slightly lustrous above, dull and densely punctate beneath ; flowers in dense, terminal and upper-axillary racemes, these 10 cm. long or longer; peduncles 3-4 mm. long, 2-3-flowered, the elliptic bractlets 7 mm. long; petals 3 cm. long. Often a tall tree that at flowering time is brilliant because of the myriads of bright yellow flowers, borne so profusely that they seem to clothe all the upper crowded branchlets. Petals 6 in the original specimen, but this scarcely con- stant. My collection was from a tree more than 20 meters tall. Cajamarca: Huambos, 2,600 meters (Weberbauer 260). Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 59, 40; Kanehira 35. Playapampa, FLORA OF PERU 397 2,700 meters, 4894. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 4971. Pan de Azucar, Sawada 61. Rio Monzon (Weberbauer 255). Tambo de Vaca, 4458. Junin: Huasa-huasi, Ruiz & Pavon. Above Huacapis- tana, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24456; (Weberbauer 246). Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 23234, 22296. Cuzco: Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14086 (det. Krause). Urubamba (Herrera). Bolivia; Colombia. "Matapalo." Gaiadendron puracense (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 432. 1834. Loranthus puracensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 437. 1820. Perhaps only a variety of G. punctatum, but slenderer and smaller in all its parts; leaves lance-oblong, slightly obovate, 4-6 cm. long, 2 cm. wide; flowers in terminal, rather long racemes; petals 6-8. The shorter, slenderer flowers, slender ovary, and smaller bracts are at once apparent in the following Weberbauer material, in contrast to cotype specimens of G. punctatum. Cajamarca: Huambos, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 4164 (det. Baehni, ex char.). Junin: Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2119 (det. Baehni, ex char.). Colombia. Gaiadendron Tagua (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 431. 1834. Loranthus Tagua HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 436. 1820. Leaves oblongish, fleshy-coriaceous, minutely punctate beneath, to nearly 10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide; racemes 2-3 cm. long, axillary, solitary; bractlets about as long as the calyx; petals 7, 2 cm. long; flowers yellowish white, fragrant. Peru to Costa Rica, British Guiana, and Venezuela, according to Krause. Peru: Apparently. Colombia. 9. PHRYGILANTHUS Eichl. Half parasitic shrubs or rarely terrestrial trees, with mostly opposite leaves and conspicuous, red, yellow, or white flowers. Calyx rim obvious. Filaments definitely narrowed beneath the versatile anthers in contrast to those of Aetanthus. Besides the following, P. heterophyllus (R. & P.) Eichl., P. tetrandrus (R. & P.) Eichl., and P. aphyllus (Miers) Eichl. have been reported in Peru in literature as recently as in the new edition of the PflanzenJ "ami- lien but I have seen no specimens or definite citations that are not highly questionable, as for example Dombey material given as Peruvian. A "P. Lehmanianus" mentioned by Weberbauer, 162, "to- ward Ocros," Cajamarca, seems to be an unpublished name for a specimen probably referred to one of the following. 398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Flowers 6-8-parted; inflorescences mostly axillary. Pedicels of the flowers subequal. Leaves about 3 cm. long or shorter P. ligustrinus. Leaves 5-10 cm. long. Parasitic shrubs; bracts promptly deciduous. Leaves 5-7 cm. long; pedicels 1-3-flowered . P. acutifolius. Leaves 8-10 cm. long; pedicels 3-flowered P. repens. Trees; bracts rather tardily deciduous P. eugenioides. Pedicels unequal, the middle much shorter, or the flowers sessile. P. suaveolens. Flowers 5-parted; inflorescences mostly terminal. Flowers about 10 cm. long or longer. Bracts conspicuously exceeding the calyculus. Leaves attenuate at the base, narrowly lanceolate. P. monzoniensis. Leaves rounded at the base, broadly ovate or elliptic. P. grandiflorus. Bracts small, little if at all longer than the calyculus. Leaves short-petioled P. Chodatianus. Leaves sessile P. peruvianus. Flowers 2-5 cm. long. Leaves opposite; bracts conspicuous P. longebracteatus. Leaves often ternate; bracts small P. verticillatus. Phrygilanthus acutifolius (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 49. 1868. Loranthus acutifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 48. pi. 274. 1802. Psittacanthus acutifolius G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417. 1834. Very similar to P. eugenioides, but perhaps always parasitic; leaves lanceolate, acutely long-acuminate, obscurely veined, dull on both sides, 5-10 cm. long, about 2 (-2.5) cm. broad; racemes 3 cm. long; ternations and flowers pedicellate, the pedicels of each about 3 mm. long; bracts promptly deciduous; flowers white, 12 mm. long; fruit oval, black, the size of a pea. The bracts are not "tardily deciduous" on the type specimen. Loranthus albiflorus Hook. Icon. pi. 683 is the same, according to Eichler. Neg. 29457. Huanuco: Ruiz & Pavdn. Ayacucho: Rocky cliffs, Weberbauer 5518. Ecuador. FLORA OF PERU 399 Phrygilanthus Chodatianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 435. 1911. Internodes 1-2 cm. long; leaves obovate, strongly cuneate to the base, 3-4.5 cm. long, about 0.7 cm. broad; racemes secund, 4.5 cm. long; bracts 4-5 mm. long; calyx 2-3 mm. long; flowers 4 cm. long, scarlet; fruit 1 cm. long, scarlet. On Polylepis. Negs. 3286. 27827. Ancash: Pichiu, 4,000-4,100 meters, Weberbauer 2934 (type); 217, 225. lea: Above Pisco, Weberbauer 5434 (det. Krause). Phrygilanthus eugenioides (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 50. 1868. Loranthus eugenioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 435. 1820. Gaiadendron eugenioides G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 431. 1834. Branches rugose; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, basally attenuate to the slender petiole, long-acuminate, usually about 10 cm. long, lustrous above, more or less obviously veiny and punctate beneath; racemes axillary and terminal, often several cm. long; bracts promptly caducous; flowers pedicellate, 12-16 mm. long, greenish white; calyx scarcely 1 mm. high; fruit black, 8 mm. long. Variable in shape and size of leaves; very doubtfully distinct from P. acutifolius. Half parasitic on trees or growing independently. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: pi. 12. Huanuco: Huariaca, 2,850 meters, 2402. San Rafael, Sawada 115. Ambo, 2,100 meters, 3198. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weber- bauer 4386; 263 (det. Patschovsky). Piura: Huancabamba (Hum- boldt, type). Negritos, Haught. Argentina to Brazil. Phrygilanthus grandiflorus (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 46. 1868. Loranthus grandiflorus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45. pi. 273. 1802. Branches more or less pendent, bearing terminally several scarlet flowers 10-15 cm. long; leaves usually opposite, oval or elliptic, blunt, slightly lustrous above, somewhat veiny; bracts persistent, foliaceous, well exceeding the calyx; fruit oval, bluish, the size of an olive. Huanuco: Posuso, Muna, Pillao (Ruiz & Pavdn). Monzon, Weberbauer 3366 (det. Patschovsky). Cajamarca: Nancho, Rai- mondi. "Hatun-mocma," "hatun-mucma," "moma."' Phrygilanthus ligustrinus (Willd.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868. Loranthus ligustrinus Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 7: 136. 1829. L. ligustrifolius Willd. op. cit. 135. 400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Similar in general to P. acutifolius, but the leaves only about half as large and the flowers corymbose or racemosely congested. In Peru according to Engler & Krause, Pflanzenfam. Neg. 11820. Peru(?): (Haenke, type of L. ligustrifolius) . "Middle America" (Humboldt). Phrygilanthus longebracteatus (Desr.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931. Loranthus longebracteatus Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 599. 1792. L. glaucus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45. pi. 275. 1802. L. corym- bosus Dietr. Gaert. Lex. Nachtr. 4: 468. 1815-21. P. corymbosus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 46. 1868. Allied to P. verticillatus, but v/ith showy, reddish flowers, medially yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long, and conspicuous bracts 1 cm. long; leaves glaucous, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, obtusely subacuminate; inflo- rescences terminal, few-flowered; fruit deep purple, ovate-oval. Flowers scarlet, according to Weberbauer. Neg. 29458 (P. glaucus}. Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3737. Mito, 2,700 meters, 3344. Huasa-huasi, Pillao, Muna,. Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn. Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det. Krause). Ancash: Chiquian, Weberbauer 2849 (det. Krause). Junin: Huancayo, Raimondi. Chile to Colombia. "Pupa." Phrygilanthus monzoniensis Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911. Branches papillose-verrucose, the internodes 2 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, about 4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, the nar- rowed petiolar base 3-5 mm. long; flowers 8 cm. long, the foliaceous bracts 2 cm. long; calyx dentate, 6 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 12 mm. long, black. Flowers bright red, orange-zoned. Negs. 3288, 27828. Huanuco: Near Monzon, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3342 (type). Phrygilanthus peruvianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 435. 1911. A shrub of 2 meters, the internodes 6-9 cm. long; leaves ovate- lanceolate, acute, 4-5.5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad; flowers to 9 cm. long, red, in terminal, secund racemes; bracts acute, 4-5 mm. long, 2 mm. broad; calyx twice as long; fruit red, 1 cm. long. Neg. 3287. Ancash: Ocros, 2,400-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2117, 3147. Lima: San Buenaventura, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14545; flowers scarlet-red. Phrygilanthus repens Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911. A parasitic shrub with long adventitious roots; internodes 3-4 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. broad, acutely acuminate, FLORA OF PERU 401 narrowed into a petiole 2 cm. long; racemes about 8 cm. long, the pedicels 3-flowered; petals 6, white; calyx 3 mm. long, dentate; fruit 7 mm. long. Perhaps not a Phrygilanthus; parasitic on Schinus Molle, the white flowers very fragrant. Neg. 3289. Ancash: Valley of the Puccha, Weberbauer 3733 (type). Phrygilanthus suaveolens (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 49. 1868. Loranthus suaveolens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 435. 1820. Branches terete, smooth; leaves ovate-oblong, rounded at the base, acuminate, lustrous above, about 5 cm. long, half as wide; petioles 4-5 mm. long; racemes 2-4 in the axils; flowers white, short- pediceled, the middle subsessile, 6-8 mm. long, ebracteate; calyx obsoletely dentate. Neg. 3290. Cajamarca(?) : Gonzanama (Humboldt). Phrygilanthus verticillatus (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 47. 1868. Loranthus verticillatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. 1802. L. Poeppigii DC. Prodr. 4: 308. 1830; P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 61. pi. 184. 1838. A half parasitic shrub with verticillate, erect branchlets and subverticillate, lanceolate, enervose leaves; flowers crowded, grena- dine red, mostly borne ternately, 3-5 cm. long; bracts shorter than the calyx; fruit oval, purplish black. Cuzco: Urubamba (Weberbauer 4901); (Herrera 2271; det. Krause). Chile; Bolivia. "Ictriho," "itiu," "ictrigo," "bela-bela." 10. PSITTACANTHUS Mart. Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 23-45. 1868. Except for the negative character, "endosperm lacking," the genus can not be distinguished, all species considered, from Phrygi- lanthus. The majority of species, however, may be recognized by the presence of a cup-like bracteal development in which the ovary is partly concealed and which may represent the complete union of the bractlets; it is hereafter referred to as a "cup." Flowers solitary or few, axillary or nodose; nodes not or little enlarged. Leaves about 1 cm. long P. cuneifolius. Leaves about 10 cm. long or longer. Petioles often 1 cm. long; leaves cuneate or acute at the base; flowers red. 402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Pedicels verruculose; flowers acute P. crassifolius. Pedicels smooth; flowers truncate P. peculiaris. Petioles to 7 mm. long; leaves not at all acute at the base; flowers red or yellow P. Krausei. Flowers racemose, the racemes often short, or in branched inflores- cences, the nodes enlarged in many cases. Leaves opposite or ternate (see also P. calcaratus). Leaves cordate-amplexicaul. Leaves auricled at the base P. amplexifolius. Leaves merely slightly clasping the stems P. cardiphyllus. Leaves little if at all cordate. Leaves narrowly oblong or, if ovate, round-obtuse at the apex. Cup cyathiform; leaves 3-6 cm. wide P. Cordiae. Cup patelliform; leaves rarely as wide as 3 cm. Leaves subsessile; peduncles 6-8 mm. long. . . P. obovatus. Leaves sessile; peduncles 15 mm. long P. tumbecensis. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or at least narrowed to the apex. Calyx much exceeded by a foliaceous bract .... P. cucullaris. Calyx not so subtended. Leaves 10 cm. long or much longer. Flowers pedicellate P. subalatus. Flowers sessile P. cupulifer. Leaves 3 cm. long or shorter P. coccineus. Leaves alternate or not strictly opposite. Flowers usually 8-10 cm. long P. calcaratus. Flowers 1-4 cm. long. Leaves roundish, not at all narrowed at the base. P. Weberbaueri. Leaves cuneate at the base, narrow. Leaves petioled; calyx twice longer than the cup. P. divaricatus. Leaves sessile; calyx slightly longer than the cup. P. linearis. Psittacanthus amplexifolius (van Tiegh.) Engler, Pflanzen- fam. Nachtr. 1: 136. 1897. Arthraxon amplexifolius van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 353. 1895. FLORA OF PERU 403 Allied to P. cardiphyllus, but the leaves auricled at the pro- nouncedly amplexicaul base, as in P. cordatus, but rounded at the apex; perianth in bud not enlarged apically. Cajamarca: Jae"n (Vidal Senege). Psittacanthus calcaratus A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 89. 1931. Branches stout, subquadrate; leaves veiny, rather thin, blunt or rounded at the apex, cuneate to the base, subelliptic, mostly 11-12 cm. long, 5 cm. broad; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence terminal, crowded; peduncles to 4 cm. long, the stout pedicels about half as long; cup 2 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide at the rim, subpatellif orm ; calyx 4 mm. long, truncate, minutely denticulate or entire; perianth blunt, 7-9.5 cm. long, each interior margin of the 6 linear lobes triangularly spurred near the tip; filaments attached 11 mm. below the tip of the perianth, 5-6 mm. long, equaling the pubescent an- thers. Flowers red and yellow. The related P. clusiifolius (Willd.) Eichl., with leathery leaves and stamens attached near the tip of the perianth segments, may occur. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 694 (type). Psittacanthus cardiphyllus (Willd.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 27. 1868. Loranthus cardiphyllus Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 1:162.1829. Like P. Cordiae, but the leaves distinctly cordate at the base; terminal racemes many-flowered, with about 10 nodes, the pedicels 3-4 mm. long. Of this affinity are P. bicalyculatus (Mart.) G. Don and L. cordatus (Hoffm.) G. Don, the former with longer pedicels, 2-4 inflorescence nodes, and oblongish leaves, the latter with lan- ceolate, acuminate leaves, hastately cordate at the base. Peru(?) : Probably. Brazil. Psittacanthus coccineus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911. Glabrous; leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, 3 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, subcoriaceous, the nervation evident; flowers in terminal racemes, on pedicels 4 mm. long; cup 2 mm. long, the usually dentate calyx 3 mm. long; perianth segments free, red, nearly 3 cm. long, the filiform filaments attached below the middle; fruit elliptic- oblong, black, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick. On Salix and Schinus Molle. Neg. 3299. Ancash: Near Ocros, Weberbauer 2643 (type). 404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Psittacanthus Cordiae Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 206. 1922. Branchlets terete; leaves sessile or nearly so, rigid-coriaceous, ovate or roundish, rarely slightly emarginate at the base, 5-8 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide; nerves many, obvious; flowers short-pediceled, in terminal racemes; bracts broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, about as long as the cyathiform cup, this scarcely equaling the ovary; perianth scarlet, the linear-lanceolate lobes usually free to the base, 3-3.4 cm. long, sparsely and very shortly pilose without; filaments about medially inserted; anthers 2-2.5 mm. long. P. chanduyensis Eichl. and P. obovatus Benth., both Ecuadorian, may be expected; the former has smaller leaves, rarely 3.5 cm. long, and very short racemes; the latter obovate leaves, more or less attenuate basally, distinctly nervose, 2.5-5 cm. long. Neg. 3298. P. cinctus (Mart.) G. Don with scurfy inflorescence and orange-tomentose flowers would also be sought here. Piura: On Cordia rotundifolia, near Serran, 200-300 meters, Weberbauer 5996 (type). La Brea, 150 meters, Weberbauer 7766. Without locality, Raimondi. "Piiia." Psittacanthus crassifolius (Mart.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417. 1834. Loranthus crassifolius Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 1: 123. 1829. Young parts obsoletely reddish-scurfy; branches terete; leaves broadly ovate or elliptic, fleshy-coriaceous, opaque, 8-12 cm. long, 5-7 cm. broad or exceptionally half again as large; flowers mostly ternately arranged in the axils, the common peduncle 4-6 mm. long; perianth to 9 cm. long, the filaments attached to about 1 cm. below the apex, the anthers 5-6 mm. long. A. C. Smith, from whom this description, in part, is drawn, observed 1 or 2 spurs on each perianth lobe. Neg. 19056. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 119 (det. Smith). Brazil. Psittacanthus cucullaris (Lam.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3 :416. 1834. Loranthus cucullaris Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 444. pi. 23. 1793. Completely glabrous, drying black; petioles 2-6 mm. long; leaves elliptic-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, to 10 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. broad, subcoriaceous, with 5-7 nerves; flowers terminally paniculate, the peduncle of the ternations to 12 mm. long; bracts cucullate-concave, foliaceous, 12-20 mm. long; perianth segments yellow, orange, or reddish, the filaments medially inserted; fruit ellipsoid. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: pi. 7. FLORA OF PERU 405 Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 1317 (det. Smith). Brazil to the Guianas. Psittacanthus cupulifer (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417. 1834. Loranthus cupulifer HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 438. 1820. Allied toP.cucullaris; branches terete; leaves subsessile, obliquely ovate-oblong, narrowed to the obtuse apex, reticulate, 2.5-5 cm. broad; inflorescences densely flowered, 3-6 cm. long, the flowers sessile or subsessile, 4 cm. long, subtended by a concave bract 5 mm. long; calyx 6-8 mm. long; filaments medially adnate; fruit ellipsoid. Weberbauer noted the flowers as scarlet below, golden yellow medially, orange toward the tips; Klug as yellowish green and red, yellow and red, and yellow. Here as elsewhere G. Don has been accepted as second authority for the name instead of Blume, who in R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1730. 1830, indicated the transfer without actually making it. San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4718 (det. Patschovsky). Loreto: Maucallacta, 200 meters, Klug 3955. Pebas, Williams 1871. Florida, 180 meters, Klug 2189, 2325. Fortaleza, 140 meters, Williams 4315; Klug 2804- Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 614, 531. Yurimaguas, 180 meters, Williams 7875, 7874- Caballo-cocha, Williams 244%- Rio Nanay, Raimondi. Middle Rio Apaga, Tess- mann 3838 (det. Krause). Lower Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3076 (det. Krause). Ecuador to Bolivia. "Pishcu-isman," "jucu-gui-o" (Huitoto name), "suelda con suelda." Psittacanthus cuneifolius (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 416. 1834. Loranthus cuneifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 46. pi. 276. 1802. Phrygilanthus cuneifolius Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 49. 1868. Densely branched, the slender branches spreading; leaves oblong- cuneate or narrowly obovate, subsessile, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 5 mm. broad, apically rounded, mucronate, faintly 3-nerved; flowers solitary or 3-5 in axillary fascicles or racemes scarcely 1 cm. long, the pedicels 5-7 mm. long; cup 2.5 mm. deep, the teeth marked, the calyx nearly twice as long; flowers about 3 cm. long, yellowish red; petals coalescent; filaments filiform, subulate; fruit 8-10 mm. long. Subsp. peruanus Engler is apparently the typical, i.e. the Peruvian, form. A shrub of 5 meters on Rhamnaceae (Killip & Smith). The fruits are used for the making of bird lime, which boys smear on the branches of trees to catch small birds, particularly the "chchainas" (jilgueros)', the gum is employed also as a plaster for fractures, etc. (Herrera). Neg. 29462. 406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Huanuco: Cheuchin, Ruiz & Pawn. Chulki, Sawada 57. Mito, 2,700 meters, 1781. Huanuco, 2,100 meters, 2046. Junin: Between Viques and Ingahuasi, 3,150 meters, Killip & Smith 22173. Cuzco: Capana, Prov. Paucartambo (Herrera 635). Parcocella, 3,600 meters, Herrera 1144- Arequipa: Yura, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 1415. Above Pampa Redonda, Weberbauer 5767. Ayacucho: Ayacucho, 3,100 meters, Weberbauer 5530. Chile to Brazil. "Pupa," "liga," "suelda con suelda." Psittacanthus divaricatus (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417. 1834. Loranthus divaricatus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 433. 1820. Branches spreading; leaves subsessile, elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex, coriaceous, 2-3 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide; peduncles 3-flowered, paniculately disposed; flowers 2.5 cm. long or longer, on pedicels to 4 mm. long; calyx obsoletely dentate. The original locality is given as perhaps the Rio Orinoco, but the species is accredited in literature to Chile. Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi. Brazil (?); Chile(?). Psittacanthus Krausei Macbr. Candollea 5: 349. 1934. Branches terete, markedly nodose; petioles 6-7 mm. long; leaves ovate, attenuately and acutely acuminate, to 10.5 cm. long, about 3.5 cm. broad; flowers 2-3 in corymbs and umbels, the common peduncle 12-15 mm. long; pedicels glabrous, 10-12 mm. long; flowers lustrous, 6-6.5 cm. long; anthers 3 mm. long, with a mucro 2 mm. long. P. peronopetalus Eichl., with larger leaves, puberulent inflorescence, shorter pedicels, and short-mucronulate anthers, may be expected. P. biternatus (Hoffm.) G. Don, similar, has elliptic leaves rounded at both ends. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, King 1323 (type). Psittacanthus linearis (Killip) Macbr., comb. nov. Phrygi- lanthus linearis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 45. 1934. Glabrous, with terete branches and linear, obtuse leaves, slightly narrowed at the base, sometimes subopposite, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1.5-5 mm. wide, obscurely 1-nerved; inflorescence compactly subcorym- bose, the spreading pedicels of the ternately arranged flowers 3-5 mm. long; bractlets triangular-ovate, 2-3 mm. long; cup 2-2.5 mm. deep, denticulate, slightly exceeded by the subentire calyx; petals 6, bright red or scarlet, 2-2.5 cm. long; filaments about 2 cm. long, thus attached toward the base. This plant, from descrip- tion, must be a Psittacanthus, apparently similar to P. coccineus. FLORA OF PERU 407 According to Haught, it is slender, semi-trailing, almost always on "algarroba," the branches 2 meters long or longer, flowering all the year and broken off with long poles by goat herders for their animals that seem to prefer this to any other plant. On Acacia and Prosopis limensis. Piura: Prov. Paita (Haught 9, type). Negritos, Haught F21. La Brea, Weberbauer 7765. Prov. Paita (Townsend 823?; "but leaves to 6 cm. long, 15 mm. wide"). "Pina." Psittacanthus obovatus Benth. ex Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 27. 1868. Loranthus obovatus Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 103. 1844. Slightly scabrous; branches dichotomous or verticillate; leaves subsessile, obovate, obtuse, rounded or cuneate at the base, faintly reticulate- veiny, 2.5-5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide; racemes with 5-6 short nodes; peduncles 6-8 mm. long, finely puberulent; flowers in 3's, the pedicels 4-6 mm. long; cup a little shorter than the calyx; petals 6, 3.5-4 cm. long. Allied by Eichler with P. chanduyensis Eichl. with sessile, not at all obovate leaves. Piura: Negritos, Haught F 22. Ecuador. "Pina." Psittacanthus peculiaris A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 90. 1931. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, falcate to broadly ovate, cuneate at the base, narrowly acuminate or sometimes only acute, 4-8 cm. wide, mostly 10-12 cm. long; petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers red, usually 2 or 3, the common peduncle and pedicels 2-3 mm. long; cup sub- patelliform, 0.8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide at the rim; corolla finally to 5 cm. long, very slender toward the base, the throat narrowed, the linear lobes each partly obscured by a fleshy, oblong, horizontal spur nearly 2 mm. long; filaments scarcely 1 mm. long. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 29967 (type); King 118, 1206. Pefia Blanca, Rio Itaya, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29653. Leticia, Williams 3147. Lower Rio Nanay, Wittiams 593, 646. Psittacanthus subalatus Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 207. 1922. Branchlets stout, 4-angled and wing-margined; petioles 1-3 mm. long; leaves coriaceous, rarely cordate-emarginate at the base, mostly subfalcate, to 20 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide; lateral nerves dis- tinct on both sides; flowers pedicellate; bracts broadly ovate, con- 408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII cave, 2-3 mm. long, the subpatelliform cup 2-3 mm. long, the calyx 2 cm. long; ovary 5-6 mm. long; perianth lobes roseate, free to the base; filaments medially attached, 3-4 cm. long; style 7-8.5 cm. long. Differs from P. cupulifer (HBK.) Eichl. in its larger and broader leaves and much smaller cup. P. fakifrons (Mart.) G. Don, with golden yellow flowers and oblong-lanceolate leaves 1-4 cm. wide, may be expected. Neg. 3300. Piura: Above Palambla, 1,400 meters, Weberbauer 6030 (type). Psittacanthus tumbecensis (Killip) Macbr., comb. nov. Phrygilanthus tumbecensis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 45. 1936. Leaves narrowly oblong, subfalcate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, obtuse, narrowed at the base, with many obscure nerves; inflorescence loosely corymbose; bractlets 2-3 mm. long; cup 2-2.5 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the calyx slightly longer; petals 6, 3-4 cm. long, "fiery red with yellow point." Apparently allied to P. obovatus. Tumbez: Mountains east of Hacienda Chicama, 500-700 meters, Weberbauer 7668, type. Psittacanthus Weberbaueri Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911. Glabrous, erect; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, 3-3.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, the lateral nerves reticulate; flowers in terminal racemes on pedicels 3-4 mm. long; cup cucullate, the calyx 3 mm. long; perianth 2.3-3.5 cm. long; filaments filiform, medially attached; fruit oblong, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick. Neg. 3301. Cajamarca: Llallan, 600-700 meters, Weberbauer 3796 (type). 11. PERISTETHIUM van Tiegh. Reference: van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 175. 1895. A segregate of Phrygilanthus, but as well marked as any genus by virtue of its small flowers crowded in axillary inflorescences and basally subtended by white bracts that on falling leave a little collar, to which peculiarity the generic name refers. No Peruvian specimen appears to exist, but the plant is included here because definitely stated to occur in Peru by all authorities! Peristethium leptostachyum (HBK.) van Tiegh. loc. cit. Loranthus leptostachyus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 440. 1820. FLORA OF PERU 409 Petioles 10-12 mm. long; leaf blades ovate-elliptic, acuminate, net-veined, about 10 cm. long and half as wide; axillary spikes 2-several, much shorter than the leaves; flowers scarcely 4 mm. long. Peru: (Occurrence doubtful). Colombia. 12. STRUTHANTHUS Mart. Phthirusa Mart. Flora 13, pt. 1: 110. 1830. Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 52-87. 1868. Erect or not infrequently scandent shrubs, often developing adventitious roots. Flowers tiny, in simple or branched, axillary or terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles, or rarely solitary or subsoli- tary, usually dioecious or perfect. Stamens often unequal, the fila- ments of the longer then sometimes scalloped at each side, appar- ently by pressure of the anthers of the shorter ones. Filaments in varying degree thin and slender, short and thick, or even lacking, even in staminate flowers. Except in treating Lor anthus L. sensu lat., this group must be maintained as distinct. Even though its char- acter of small flowers is intangible, this is obviously a natural genus or, in the former case, subgenus. Here, as elsewhere in the family, G. Don is given as second authority in place of Blume in R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830, where the combinations are only indicated. Rubber has been produced commercially from two of the species found in Peru, S. aduncus and S. pyrifolius, the fruits having yielded as high as 7 per cent rubber on an average. The practicability of cultivation is highly questionable (Krause), so that no economic significance can be envisaged, the exploitation of wild plants for this purpose surely being very limited. Plants glabrous; filaments (except in 2 species) slender. Leaves 5-7.5 cm. wide, at least most of them, or the filaments thick, often scalloped. Filaments thin, straight; leaves all or most of them wider than 5 cm. Verticels bracteolate, pedicellate, more or less paniculate. S. retroflexus. Verticels spicate, ebracteolate or the bractlets promptly caducous S. polystachyus. Filaments thick, often laterally scalloped; leaves mostly 4-5 cm. wide. All the flowers panicled; anthers acuminate. . . .S. aduncus. 410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII All or nearly all the flowers spicate or racemose; anthers mucronate S. Eichleri. Leaves regularly narrower, rarely if ever some of them about 5 cm. wide. Verticels ebracteolate or the bractlets very promptly caducous, free; leaves little longer than broad. Racemes several cm. long S, orbicularis. Racemes less than 1 cm. long S. lucarquensis. Verticels bracteolate, the bractlets more or less united; leaves usually distinctly longer than broad. Flower clusters all in corymbs or pseudocymes, the inflores- cence rarely longer than 2 cm., usually shorter. Leaves obovate-suborbicular S. retusus. Leaves oblong-lanceolate S. dichotrianthus. Flower clusters in spikes or racemes often longer than 2 cm., the terminal inflorescence rarely paniculate. Flower clusters borne in spikes (typically). Spikes 2-5 cm. long; flowers to about 6 mm. long; leaves nearly nerveless S. concinnus. Spikes 1 cm. long; flowers to 3 mm. long; leaves nerved. S. tennis. Flower clusters pedicellate, that is, racemose (cf. S. tennis). Leaves fleshy, veinless S. acuminatus. Leaves thin, veiny on both sides S. sarmentosus. Plants more or less reddish-furfuraceous; filaments thick. Inflorescence branchlet not conspicuously compressed; fruit reflexed S. pyrifolius. Inflorescence branchlet strikingly compressed; fruit spreading. S. platycladus. Struthanthus acuminatus (R. & P.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus acuminatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. 1802. Slender, with long, virgate, slightly angled branches, the narrowly ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate leaves remote; petioles 3-5 mm. long; leaf blades 6-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, rounded or scarcely acute at the base, dull; racemes solitary, about 4 cm. long, the slender rachis sharply quadrate; ternation pedicels 2 mm. long, the flowers sessile; bracteoles tardily caducous, nearly free, subequal, shorter than the calyx; flowers pale yellowish, 4 mm. long, the FLORA OF PERU 411 medially attached filaments very short; fruit oval. In aspect similar to some forms of S. thyrsiflorus (C. & S.) Blume (S. syringifolius Mart.), with short-acuminate and somewhat veiny leaves and one bractlet longer than the other. Neg. 29464. Huanuco: Pillao, Chinchao, Panao, Ruiz & Pavon. Struthanthus aduncus (Meyer) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 414. 1834. Loranthus aduncus Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 149. 1818. L. pani- culatus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 442. 1820. L. conduplicatus HBK. op. cit. 441. L. Theobromae Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 7: 132. 1829. Phthirusa Theobromae Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 56. pi. 14. 1868. P. paniculata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931. Glabrous, erect or scandent, the bark grayish; petioles 5-10 mm. long; leaf blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acute, 3-10 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, coriaceous; flowers usually white, 4-6 mm. long, the perianth segments spreading, paniculate or the lower axillary spikes simple, the ternations sessile or subsessile; calyx mem- branous, truncate; fruit red, oblong. Not at all clearly distinct and more or less typically represented by some of the following col- lections is var. orinocensis (Spreng.) Baehni & Macbr., comb. nov. (Phthirusa orinocensis [Spreng.] Eichl. op. cit. 60), with the terna- tions more or less pediceled and the racemes not at all panicled. San Martin: Morales, Williams 5693. Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600 meters, Klug 3605. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7064. Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 3530, 5068; Williams 7976, 8095. Mishu- yacu, 100 meters, Klug 3937. Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2134, 2047. Mainas, Poeppig 2383,Cuzco: Urubamba, Weberbauer 5063 (flowers yellow). Widely distributed in tropical America. "Suelda con suelda," "pishco isman," "rochido-ey" (Huitoto name). Struthanthus concinnus Mart, ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 411. 1834. Branches long, slender, terete; petioles 3-6 mm. long; leaf blades lanceolate, acute at the base, gradually and acutely acuminate, 4-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, nearly nerveless, thin, dull beneath; ternations sessile or subsessile; flowers greenish yellow, the stami- nate to 6 mm., the pistillate to 4 mm. long; filaments affixed below the middle of the linear perianth segments; calyx denticulate; fruit ellipsoid. S. rubens Mart, ex G. Don has coriaceous leaves lustrous on both sides, the lateral nerves obvious. The Peruvian specimens may be rather S. sarmentosus; at any rate, they are aberrant here by 412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII reason of the pediceled flowers. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: pi. 24- Junin: Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2157 (det. Patschovsky). Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25058. La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 23507. Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 331. Above San Ramon, 1,300-1,700 meters, Schunke A93. Carpapata, 2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24366. Huacapistana, 1,800-2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24314- Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3724- Ayacucho: Carrapa, 2,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22310. Brazil; Surinam. Struthanthus dichotrianthus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 75. 1868. Densely branched, the branches more or less scandent; petioles 3-10 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, obviously nervose beneath, attenuate at both ends, 2.5-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide; ternations pedicellate, the pedicels 2-5 mm. long, in 2-3-chotomous, axillary umbels; bracts minute; flowers white, the larger staminate ones 5-6 mm. long; calyculus entire; fruit oblong, 5-6 mm. long, 3 mm. thick. The Peruvian collection was determined apparently by Patschovsky. Loreto: Puerto Limon, Tessmann 4886. Surinam and British Guiana; Venezuela. Struthanthus Eichleri Baehni & Macbr., nom. nov. Phthirusa polystachya Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 57. pi. 19. 1868, not S. polystachyus (R. & P.) G. Don. Nearly S. aduncus, but the leaves rather less coriaceous, about 10 cm. long, the flowers all in simple, axillary spikes and, especially, the filaments slightly glandular, the anthers shortly produced. Flowers purple (Ule). S. nitens (Mart.) Baehni & Macbr. would be sought here; its lustrous, narrowly ovate-lanceolate leaves are attenuately acuminate, its spikes solitary, the filaments eglandular, the anthers apiculate. Rio Acre: Ule 9337 (det. Krause). Brazil. Struthanthus lucarquensis (HBK.) Macbr., comb. nov. Lor- anthus lucarquensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 440. 1820. Phthirusa lucarquensis G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 421. 1834. Much branched, the branchlets terete; leaves somewhat mem- branous and veiny, 2.5 cm. long, 18-20 mm. broad; flowers sub- sessile, 3 mm. long, whitish yellow; racemes only 6 mm. long; petals FLORA OF PERU 413 4, oblong, acute, slightly concave; filaments membranous, nearly free; berry ovoid. Because of the slender filament, this plant must belong to the group Struthanthus. Peru(?) : Lucarque ( Humboldt}. Ecuador. Struthanthus orbicularis (HBK.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1850. Loranthus orbicularis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 434. 1820. A shrub with long, flexuous branches, these often pendent and twining, the young leaves prehensile; petioles 8-12 mm. long; blades more or less approaching orbicular, 2.5-5 cm. long, attenuate or contracted to the petiole, coriaceous; ternations subsessile in axillary spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, the rachis sharply quadrate; flowers yellowish green, to nearly 6 mm. long, more or less pediceled; bracts free, cadu- cous; fruit oval, red, 1 cm. long. Here would key Tessmann 3248 with more elliptic leaves, from the Ucayali; the ternations are pedicellate, the racemes only 1-2 cm. long. San Martin: Rioja, west of Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4702; 290 (det. Patschovsky). Brazil, north to Central America. Struthanthus platycladus (Ule) Baehni & Macbr., comb. nov. Phthirusa platyclada Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 153. 1907. Similar to S. pyrifolius, to which it could be joined as a variety; leaves coriaceous, rounded-obtuse, mucronate; flowers 2-3 mm. long, yellowish green; fruit ascending-spreading. Perhaps all the Peruvian material is rather referable to S. pyrifolius. San Martin: Tarapoto, Wittiams 5711. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4984- Middle Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3141- Brazil. "Pishco isman." Struthanthus polystachyus (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 410. 1834. Loranthus polystachyus R. & P. Fl. 3: 50. 1802. Branches long, terete, the branchlets more or less compressed at the nodes; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; blades broadly ovate, acumi- nate, acute at the base, to 15 cm. long, 7 cm. wide, perfectly opaque, coriaceous, cartilaginous-margined, obviously finely reticulate- veined on both sides; spikes 2 or more together, to 6 cm. long, the rachis angled; ternations 5-7 mm. apart; bractlets inconspicuous; flowers tiny, purple; fruit oval, brownish yellow, 6 mm. thick. Flowers lacking in the Madrid material. Neg. 29465. Huanuco: Muna, Pillao, Panao, Pati, Chinchao, Ruiz & Pawn. 414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Struthanthus pyrifolius (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 413. 1834. Loranthus pyrifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 441. 1820. Phthirusa pyrifolia Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 63. pi. 17. 1868. Branchlets compressed, more or less reddish-scurfy but soon glabrous; petioles rarely 10 mm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate, often acuminate, scarcely coriaceous, distinctly nervose, about 10 cm. long and half as wide or smaller; ternations of red-brown perfect flowers sessile or subsessile in axillary spikes or rarely in a terminal panicle (var. terminalis Macbr., comb, nov.; P. pyrifolia var. terminalis Macbr. Candollea 5: 349. 1934); calyx obsoletely dentic- ulate; perianth segments 6, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long; filaments short; fruit oblong, red. The name is sometimes modern- ized or corrected to read "pirifolius." S. rufus (Mart.) Macbr. (comb, nov.; Loranthus rufus Mart.) has dioecious flowers 5-6 mm. long, borne in a terminal panicle. Also to be expected are S. micran- thus (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.; Phthirusa micrantha Eichl.) and S. phaeoclados (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.; Phthirusa phaeoclados Eichl.), both with usually 4-merous flowers and sessile anthers, the former with them in axillary glomerules, the latter in axillary spikes, the leaves emarginate and 5-7-plinerved. S. santaremensis (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.; Phthirusa santaremensis Eichl.), similar, has pinnately nerved leaves. San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7482 (type of var. terminalis Macbr.). Morales, Williams 5711. Rumizapa, Williams 6790 (toward S. platydadus}. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weber- bauer 4458. Junin: Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 24996,25071. Rio Peren<, 600 meters, Killip & Smith 25716. La Merced, 600 meters, 5337. Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6249 (flowers purple); Williams 3584; Killip & Smith 27310. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2257. La Victoria, Williams 2695. Puerto Arturo, Williams 4984. Tropical South America to Central America. "Suelda con suelda," "pishco isman." Struthanthus retroflexus (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 415. 1834. Loranthus retroflexus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. pi 279. 1802. Stoutly branched, the branches terete; petioles nearly 1.5 cm. long; leaves broadly elliptic or oval, about 10 cm. long, dull or nearly so, coriaceous, cartilaginous-margined, very faintly veiny on both sides, acute at both ends; panicles axillary and terminal, to 15 cm. long, the ternation pedicels scarcely 2 mm. long; rachis minutely papillose, angled; bractlets persistent, broadly ovate; flowers sessile, FLORA OF PERU 415 tiny; fruit oval, nearly 10 mm. long, 6 mm. thick. The type at Madrid has been referred by Krause, following Eichler's suggestion, to S. marginatus (Desr.) Blume, var. paniculatus Eichl. That Brazil- ian species, however, seems to be uniformly a much more slenderly branched plant, with typically narrower, thinner leaves. Neg. 29466. Huanuco: Chinchao, Macora, Ruiz & Pavon. Struthanthus retusus (Gham. & Schlecht.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus retusus Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 3: 215. 1828. L. polyrrhizos Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 1: 139. 1829. S. polyrrhizos Mart, ex Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 412. 1834. Scandent, flexuous, branched; petioles 8-12 mm. long; leaves obovate-suborbicular, 2.5-3 (-5) cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, usually marginate, sometimes deeply so, coriaceous; ternations in axillary, peduncled corymbs, more or less pedicellate; flowers greenish yellow, 4-6 mm. long, the pedicels of the pistillate ones as long, those of the staminate shorter; fruit ovoid-oblong, under 6 mm. long. The Peruvian collection is apparently determined by Patschovsky, as "aff. polyrrhizus" ; but see remark under S. orbicularis. Loreto: Middle Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3298. Brazil. Struthanthus sarmentosus (R. & P.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus sarmentosus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. pi. 278. 1802. Similar to S. acuminatus, but the shorter branchlets nearly terete, the leaves more shortly acuminate, thin and distinctly veiny, dull beneath, lustrous above, clearly acute at the base or slightly decur- rent on the slender petiole, this about 1 cm. long; terminal racemes panicled. The Killip and Smith material has been referred to S. concinnus Mart., but as its flower clusters are pedicellate, it rather belongs here or to S. tennis Patsch., but the petioles are only 4-5 mm. long. Neg. 27839. Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavon; at 2,100 meters, 401 9. Junin: Huacapistana region, Killip & Smith 24314, 24366. Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2144- Ayacucho: Carrapa, Killip & Smith 22310. "Liga." Struthanthus tenuis Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438. 1911. Slender-stemmed, the internodes to 10 cm. long; petioles 1 cm. long; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 cm. long, 3.5 cm. wide; bractlets lanceolate, 2 mm. long; filaments medially 416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII adnate to the greenish perianth segments. This is probably to be included in S. sarmentosus (R. & P.) Blume. Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1948, type; 283. 52. SANTALACEAE. Sandalwood Family Reference: Pilger, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 52-91. 1935. The source of sandalwood and oil, the family is outstanding in Peru in no respect unless by the contrast between its representatives there: a genus of small trees strikingly reddish-pubescent, and two genera of inconspicuous herbs. Woody plants with oval, more or less pubescent leaves. 1. Cervantesia. Herbs. Bractlets not united; plants diminutive, creeping, the hidden stems yellow 2. Arjona. Bractlets united to form a cup; erect or ascending plants. 3. Quinchamalium. 1. CERVANTESIA R. & P. Casimiroa Dombey ex Baill. Adansonia 3: 126. 1862-3. Small trees with elliptic leaves that are pubescent, especially beneath, as well as the branchlets and the terminal or subterminal flower clusters. Tube of the perianth shortly campanulate above the ovary. Named for Vicente Cervantes, Mexican botanist. Cervantesia bicolor Cav. Icon. 5: 49. pi. 475. 1799. Similar to C. tomentosa, but the branchlets and leaf pubescence beneath a dense tomentum of reddish, crisped or crinkly hairs; leaves 5-8 cm. long, mostly 5-6 cm., 2-2.5 cm. broad; perianth segments rounded or subacute. Lima: Obrajillo and San Buenaventura, Nee. Ecuador. Cervantesia tomentosa R. & P. Prodr. 39. pi 7. 1794; Fl. 3: 19. pi 24. 1802. Branchlets and leaves beneath yellowish or somewhat rusty, pilose or lanuginose with long, more or less flexuous hairs, especially those of the leaves; leaves soon lustrous and glabrous above, mostly 9-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad; young leaves and inflorescences densely red-pilose, the small flower parts hidden in the abundant pubescence; perianth segments acute, persistent and nearly enclos- ing the acorn-like fruits, these about 1 cm. long, 8 mm. thick. A FLORA OF PERU 417 shrub of 8 meters, with fiery red fruits (Weberbauer). C. glabrata Stapf, Kew Bull. 1906: 76. 1906, of Ecuador, has glabrate, elliptic leaves only 3-4 cm. long. Neg. 27874. Junin: (Ruiz & Pavori). Huasa-huasi, Ruiz & Pavdn, type; also, according to Ruiz & Pavon, at Huarocheri and Canta. Chancha- mayo, Isern 2395. Lima: Chorrillos, Raimondi. Libertad: Otuza, Weberbauer 6989. 2. ARJONA Cav. Reference: Skottsberg, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 10: 520-528. 1916. Herbs with underground stems or rhizomes, alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate leaves, and one to several terminal or subterminal, white, lilac, or purplish red flowers. Tube of the perianth elongate above the ovary. Placenta thick and short. The name has been written variously since its publication as above, in honor of Francisco Arjona, a teacher of botany at Cadiz. Arjona glaberrima Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 398. 1906. Rhizomes branching, remaining attached to the original plant from which rise the 1-2-flowered branches, these scarcely more than 2 cm. long or much shorter; leaves 2-3 mm. long; flowers glabrous, purplish, the tube 6 mm. long, the lanceolate lobes 1.5-2 mm. long. In wet cushions of Distichia, etc. Neg. 14343. Lima: At 4,500 meters, Weberbauer 5157. 3. QUINCHAMALIUM J uss . Low herbs, often branched at the caudex, from thick roots. Flowers mostly terminally aggregate, yellowish green to brown or reddish brown. Regarding the name see Pilger, op. cit. 90, in foot- note. As this author remarks, "The species are nearly related, difficult to separate"; perhaps, it may be added, the species are in reality rather forms or races of fewer variable or unstabilized specific entities. Anthers barely exserted from the tube Q. brevistaminatum. Anthers well exserted to at least a third the length of the lobes. Leaves 3-4 (-5) mm. long; perianth tube 5-6 mm. long. Q. Stuebelii. Leaves mostly longer; flowers often 7-8 mm. long. Perianth segments cucullate at the tip. Leaves 5-9 mm. long; flowers apparently reddish from anthesis . . Q. Raimondii. 418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves mostly 1-2 cm. long; flowers at anthesis yellowish green .Q. procumbens. Perianth segments plane at the tip or merely curved-apiculate. Leaves 1.5-2.5 mm. broad Q. lomae. Leaves scarcely 1 mm. broad. Stems several dm. long Q. elongatum. Stems rarely 20 cm. long Q. Hoppii. Quinchamalium brevistaminatum Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 1030. 1930. Stems ascending, about 10 cm. long, sparsely leafy; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. broad; calyculus subglobose, 2 mm. across; perianth tube narrow, 4-6 mm. long, the divisions scarcely longer than 2 mm.; style slightly, the stamens scarcely exserted from the tube; anthers nearly 1 mm. long, subsessile. Flowers at first greenish yellow, later reddish brown. Lima: Loma formation, railway to San Agustin, 300-400 meters, Weberbauer 5718, type. Quinchamalium elongatum Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 1031. 1930. Similar to a robust plant of Q. procumbens, but the leaves nearly filiform and the fruiting racemes to 3 cm. long; perianth tube 8.5-10 mm. long, the divisions 3-4 mm. long; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long. Neg. 14352. Ancash: Ocros, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 2661, type. Between Samanco and Huaras, 3,000-3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3122; 171. Quinchamalium Hoppii Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 1030. 1930. Not clearly distinct from Q. elongatum unless somewhat smaller in all its parts; stamens attaining three-fourths the length of the perianth divisions. Neg. 14354. Arequipa: At 3,000-3,500 meters, Hopp 56. Quinchamalium lomae Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 1030. 1930. Branches to 30 cm. long, the leaves finally attaining 2 cm.; perianth tube 7-10 mm. long, the divisions at least 3 mm. long; anthers 1.5 mm. long. Allied by the author with Q. majus Brongn. FLORA OF PERU 419 (Q. chilense var. majus Speg.) with shorter perianth divisions in proportion to the tube. Neg. 14356. Arequipa: Loma formation, between Atiquipa and Chala, 280 meters, Weberbauer 7187, type. Quinchamalium procumbens R. & P. Fl. 2: 1. pi. 107b. 1799. Q. linifolium Meyen ex Walp. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19: Suppl. 1: 1412. 1843, fide Pilger. Stems few to many, a few cm. to 20-30 cm. long, procumbent- ascending to suberect from a woody caudex surmounting the stout taproot; leaves 1-2 or sometimes 3 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide, glabrous; calyculus scarcely 2 mm. thick; flowers soon reddish brown, the tube 5-6 mm. long, the anthers reaching to about one- half the length of the (2 mm. long) perianth divisions, these apically cucullate; anthers 1.5 mm. long. An earlier name may be Q. chilense Lam. Encycl. 111. 2: 142. pi. 125. 1797, or a more suitable, var. procumbens (R. & P.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 284. 1893, but to judge from the Lamarck illustration of the type by Jussieu, the name might as well apply to some other species, as for instance to Q. brevista- minatum. Other names which may apply to the Peruvian forms include Q. ericoides Brongn., Q. Dombeyi Brongn., and Q. gracile Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coq. Bot. 231. pi. 52. 1826-1829, the last Latin name used repeatedly by Weberbauer for the Peruvian plant. It has been treated also as Q. chilense var. gracile (Brongn.) Hook, (fide Kuntze). The Ruiz and Pa von localities were given as Huarocheri, Canta, Tarma, and Conception. The above descrip- tion is drawn from the Madrid type, without locality. Ayacucho: Below Coracora, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 5793. Chavina, 3,300 meters, Weberbauer 5783. Ayacucho, Weberbauer 5524- Lima: Chilca, Casapalta (Ball, as Q. ericoides). Obrajillo, Nee. Canta, 3,100 meters, open bank, Pennell 14599. San Buena- ventura, 2,700 meters, open slopes, Pennell 14501. Quebrada de San Mateo, Isern 2077. Piura: Huaitara, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 5412. Cuzco: Herrera. Urubamba, 3,500-3,700 meters (Weber- bauer 181). Puno: Pisacoma (Meyen, type of Q. linifolium). Bolivia. "Quinchamoli," "chinchimali," "chinchinami." Quinchamalium Raimondii Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 1031. 1930. Branches divaricately spreading; leaves less than 1 mm. broad; calyculus 2 mm. thick; perianth divisions 3 mm. long, apically short-cucullate, the stamens reaching to about three-fourths their 420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII length, the anthers 1.75 mm. long. This seems to be the same as Q. procumbens or possibly Q. gracile Brongn. Neg. 14360. Lima: Raimondi. Quinchamalium Stuebelii Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 21: 306. 1896. Annual, the branches to 2.5 cm. long; leaves papillose, puberulent, mucronate; calyculus 2 mm. long, the larger teeth nearly 0.5 mm. long; perianth divisions 2 mm. long, scarcely half as wide, the stamens shorter, the style equaling the latter. Neg. 14361. Puno(?): Tomarape", 4,200 meters, Stuebel 112a. Bolivia. 53. OPILIACEAE. Opilia Family By Paul C. Standley Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers very small, racemose or paniculate, perfect or unisexual; calyx none or poorly developed, not accrescent in fruit; perianth segments 4-5, free or more or less united; stamens as many as the petals and usually opposite them, inserted upon the disk or at the base of the petals; disk 4-5-lobate; ovary free or sunk in the disk, 1-celled, 1-ovulate; fruit drupaceous. Only one other genus of the family is known in America, in Venezuela. 1. AGONANDRA Miers Slender shrubs or trees, usually glabrous or nearly so; flowers minute, dioecious, greenish, racemose, the racemes axillary or borne at defoliate nodes; calyx minute, cupular, 4-lobate; petals 4 in the staminate flower, the stamens 4, the filaments filiform, exserted; petals none in the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous, the stigma sessile, discoid. Agonandra brasiliensis Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist. II. 8: 172. 1851, nomen; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 1: 349. 1862. A slender tree of 4-8 meters or more, the branches and leaves glabrous, the bark pale; mature leaves subcoriaceous, on short or elongate petioles, oblong-elliptic or ovate, 4-9 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, gradually or abruptly acuminate, often long-acuminate, acute or obtuse at the base or often contracted and decurrent, the nerves obscure; racemes 1-5 cm. long, few- or many-flowered, slender, solitary or geminate opposite the leaves, usually densely and minutely puberulent, the pedicels 1-4 mm. long; petals 1.5-2.5 mm. long, green; drupes oval, red, about 1 cm. long. Neg. 19070. FLORA OF PERU 421 Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 397. Bolivia and Brazil to Colombia. The South American material referred to this species is decidedly variable in its more obvious characters, and it is quite probable that a careful revision, with ample material, will show that it is divisible into several species. 54. OLACACEAE. Olax Family By Paul C. Standley Trees or shrubs; leaves usually alternate and entire, penninerved, without stipules; inflorescence commonly axillary and few-flowered, the flowers solitary, fasciculate, cymose, or racemose, small, greenish or white, regular, perfect or unisexual; calyx small, with 4-6 teeth or lobes, sometimes accrescent in fruit; petals 4-6, free or more or less united, valvate or slightly imbricate; stamens 4-12, inserted with the petals and more or less adnate to them, all fertile or partly sterile, the filaments free or rarely monadelphous, the anthers 2- celled; disk various; ovary free, 1-celled or imperfectly 3-5-celled; ovules usually 2 or 3; fruit drupaceous, commonly 1-celled and 1-seeded. Calyx in fruit becoming greatly enlarged and brightly colored, often flat and rotate. Stamens twice as many as the petals; flowers fasciculate in the leaf axils 1. Heisteria. Calyx little or not at all enlarged in fruit, not brightly colored. Stamens free, fewer than the petals. Petals 5-6 2. Liriosma. Stamens united to form a tube, of the same number as the petals. Stamens united to form a tube about the style. . . .3. Schoepfia. Stamens united with the petals 4. Aptandra. 1. HEISTERIA Jacq. Glabrous trees or shrubs with entire, membranaceous or coria- ceous, short-petiolate leaves; flowers minute, short-pedicellate or sessile, fascicled in the leaf axils; calyx minute, 5-6-dentate or lobate, in fruit greatly enlarged and persistent, erect and enclosing the fruit or often reflexed and exposing it, usually red or purple, subentire to deeply lobate; petals small, more or less villous within; stamens usually 10-12, rarely 5-6, hypogynous or adnate at the base to the petals; ovary depressed-globose, 3-celled; fruit a drupe, globose or oblong, the flesh thin, the endocarp crustaceous. 422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Fruiting calyx lobate almost to the base, much longer than the drupe H. cauliflora. Fruiting calyx subentire or only very shallowly lobate, usually shorter than the drupe, often reflexed or at least not enclosing the fruit. Fruit globose or depressed-globose, as broad as long or broader. Calyx spreading in fruit; leaves acute at the base. . . H. pallida. Calyx abruptly reflexed in fruit; leaves obtuse or rounded at the base H. eurycarpa. Fruit ellipsoid or oval, conspicuously longer than broad. Fruiting calyx conspicuous, spreading, more than half as long as the fruit H. cyanocarpa. Fruiting calyx inconspicuous, erect, less than one-third as long as the fruit H. densifrons. Heisteria cauliflora Smith in Rees, Cycl. 17: No. 2. 1819. A shrub or tree 3-10 meters high ; leaves short-petiolate, coria- ceous, blades variable, chiefly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-25 cm. long, acute to obtuse or narrowly rounded at the base, long-attenuate to the apex, lustrous; flowers clustered in the leaf axils or on naked branches below the leaves, short-pedicellate or subsessile; pedicels in fruit usually short but sometimes much elongate; calyx in flower minute, dentate; petals whitish, 2.5 mm. long; fruiting calyx pink or red, usually 2 cm. long or more, spreading or rather closely en- closing the fruit, lobed almost to the base, the lobes obtuse; drupe oval or rounded-oval, about 1 cm. long, longer than broad. Neg. 27860. Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2171. Loreto: Rio Itaya, Mexia 6477. Timbuchi, Alto Rio Nanay, in forest, Williams 996, 1034. Rio Masana, Williams 18, 98, 25, 26, 27, 8160. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, King 385, 326, 1363, 906. Pinto-cocha on the Rio Nanay, Williams 834, 798, 836, 834- Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Williams 8058; Killip & Smith 27188, 27190. La Victoria, on the Amazon River, Williams 2957. Forest between Rio Nanay and Rio Napo, Williams 698. Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, edge of forest, Williams 5191. Fortaleza, Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4248. Recreo, Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4161. Yurimaguas, 135 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27696. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn 14-52. San Martin: Zepelacio, King 3305. Also in the Guianas and doubtless in Amazonian Brazil. "Platina-caspi," "huangana caspi." FLORA OF PERU 423 The numerous specimens exhibit remarkable variation in the form of their leaves, but they appear to be uniform in fruit charac- ters, and these alone seem to be dependable for limitation of species. One or two of the numbers listed perhaps do represent distinct species, so far as one may judge from leaf form, but unfortunately they do not bear fruits. Heisteria cyanocarpa P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 35. pi. 241. 1845 ; Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2 : 17. pi. 5, f. 2. 1872. H. nitida Engl. op. cit. 18. 1872. A shrub or tree 3-9 meters high; leaves short-petiolate, the blades somewhat coriaceous, lance-oblong to narrowly elliptic, mostly 10-20 cm. long but often larger, obtuse to acute at the base, long-attenuate to the apex, usually lustrous; flowers clustered in the leaf axils, the pedicels about 2 mm. long, in fruit equaling or shorter than the calyx; calyx in flower 1 mm. long, 5-dentate; petals whitish, lanceolate, 3 mm. long; fruiting calyx red, orbicular, 1 cm. long or less, subentire, usually reflexed; drupe blue, about 1 cm. long. Negs. 27861, 27865. Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2899. Rio Putumayo, Klug 1607. Florida, Klug 2161. Rio Santiago, Mexia 6183. Type from Yuri- maguas, Mainas, Poeppig. La Victoria, on the Amazon, Williams 2949, 2745, 2805, 2808. Caballo-cocha, on the Amazon, Williams 2038. Leticia, on the Amazon, Williams 3169. Pebas, on the Ama- zon, in forest, Williams 1572, 1741. Lower Rio Nanay, in jungle, Williams 477. Rio Masana, in forest, Williams 86. Rio Maranon, near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, wooded bank, Killip & Smith 27513, 27536. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, Williams 4661. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 1138, 414, 1038; Killip & Smith 29942. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27691. Wooded banks of Rio Itaya, above Iquitos, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29396. Iquitos, Kittip & Smith 27399. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon 14-54- Also in the Amazon Valley of Brazil. "Cotoma masacey" (Huitoto name). The type of H. nitida is Spruce 4148 from Tarapoto. I have seen no material of that number, but the characters upon which the species was separated from H. cyanocarpa do not appear to be of taxonomic importance. Heisteria densifrons Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 17. pl.5,f. 1. 1872. A glabrous tree; leaves short-petiolate, ovate to elliptic-oblong, 7-17 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, rather abruptly long-acuminate, acute 424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII at the base; flowers few, the pedicels very short and thick; calyx in anthesis minute, urceolate, very shallowly denticulate, in fruit accrescent and cyathiform, about 3 mm. long; fruit obovoid, broadly rounded at the apex, almost 1 cm. long. Neg. 19085. Loreto: Paraiso, Alto Rio Itaya, 145 meters, Williams 3379. Amazonian Brazil. "Parinari" (perhaps an erroneous name). Heisteria eurycarpa Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 148. 1936. A shrub; leaves short-petiolate, the blades subcoriaceous, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5-9 cm. long, rounded or very obtuse at the base, abruptly narrow-acuminate at the apex, lustrous; flowers densely clustered in the leaf axils, the pedicels very short; fruit depressed- globose, much broader than high, about 1 cm. wide; fruiting calyx apparently green, abruptly reflexed, shallowly lobate, the lobes obtuse. Loreto: La Victoria, on the Amazon River, in forest, Williams 2719, type. Heisteria pallida Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 16. 1872. A medium-sized tree; leaves short-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades oblong or lance-oblong, 9-13 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the base, narrowed to the bluntly short-acuminate apex, lustrous; pedicels in flower mostly 5-9 mm. long, in fruit longer than the petiole; fruiting calyx 1 cm. long, spreading, membranaceous, indistinctly lobate; drupe globose, 1 cm. in diameter, pruinose. Neg. 27865. San Martin: Type collected near Tarapoto, Spruce 4531. Tara- poto, in forest, Williams 6719, 5966, 5813. "Chuchuhuasha," "huaami chuchu huasha." 2. LIRIOSMA P. & E. Trees or shrubs with slender branches, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; leaves at first very thin, becoming membranaceous or subcoriaceous; flowers very small, in short or somewhat elongate, simple or branched, axillary racemes; calyx minute, cupuliform, truncate, the limb somewhat accrescent in fruit; petals 6, connate to the middle; fertile stamens 3, the filaments lanate, becoming gla- brate; sterile stamens 6, spatulate, bifid at the apex; ovary 3-celled at the base, 3-ovulate; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. Leaves finely puberulent beneath, soft to the touch . . . .L. adhaerens. Leaves glabrous. Petals glabrous outside L. gracilis. Petals puberulent or pilosulous outside L. Spruceana. FLORA OF PERU 425 Liriosma adhaerens Spruce ex Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2:26. pi 6,f.3. 1872. A slender shrub of 2-3.5 meters, the branches sometimes elongate and somewhat trailing, minutely puberulent or glabrate, green; leaves short-petiolate, thin, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 5-9 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, acutish to rounded at the base, glabrous above or nearly so, minutely soft-puberulent beneath; racemes short, longer than the petioles, few-flowered, flexuous, puberulent throughout, the pedicels 2 mm. long; petals 6 mm. long; fruit apparently oval, red, 2.5 cm. long. Negs. 21938, 19072. Junin: Puerto Bermudez, 375 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 26475, 26664; flowers green or white. Loreto : Manfinfa, Alto Nanay, Williams 1109. Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4748. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4207, type collection; Williams 6632, 5520, 6315. Amazonian Brazil, and reported from Rio de Janeiro. Liriosma gracilis A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 91. 1931. A slender shrub or tree 1-5 meters high, sometimes with elongate, clambering branches, the branchlets glabrous or sparsely puberulent; leaves short-petiolate, ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 6-8.5 cm. long and 2.5^4.5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, acute to rounded at the base, rather thick, glabrous or practically so; racemes 3-6-flowered, little exceeding the petioles, the rachis minutely pilose; petals 6-7 mm. long, glabrous; fruit ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long. The flowers are described as white, yellow, or orange-yellow, the fruit as orange- yellow. Loreto: Mishuyacu, in clearing, 100 meters, Klug 44, type collection; 848, 851, 1557. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 659. Iqui- tos, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27320. Morona-cocha, 115 meters, in second-growth, Mexia 6513. Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 2014, 2242. "Senimoro-ey" (Huitoto name). Liriosma Spruceana Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 24. 1872. A slender shrub or tree, 5.5 meters high or less, the green branches glabrous or nearly so, often much elongate; leaves thin or rather thick, short-petiolate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-8 cm. wide, acuminate, acute or obtuse at the base; racemes short or elongate, flexuous, glabrous, mostly 6-8-flowered, the pedicels 4-5 mm. long; flowers 5 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 2 cm. long. Neg. 27871. 426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Loreto: Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5055, 5008, 5304. La Victoria, in forest, Williams 2532. Florida, 180 meters, in forest, King 2293; flowers white. Iquitos, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 26990; fruit pale orange. San Martin: Mount Guayrapurina, near Tarapoto, Spruce 4884, type. 3. SCHOEPFIA Schreb. Shrubs or small trees; leaves glabrous, membranaceous or coria- ceous; flowers few, in short, axillary racemes; calyx small, cupular, obscurely 5-denticulate, unchanged in fruit; petals 4-6, inserted on the margin of the disk, united for most of their length, with a fascicle of hairs within above the middle; stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, the filiform filaments adnate to the corolla for almost their whole length; ovary partially 3-celled, 3-ovulate; fruit dru- paceous, enclosed except at the apex in the accrescent disk, 1-seeded. Schoepfia flexuosa (R. & P.) R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 160. 1819. Haenkea flexuosa R. & P. Fl. 3: 8. pi. 231. 1802. A glabrous shrub or small tree, as much as 5 meters high, with more or less flexuous branches; leaves somewhat coriaceous when dry, short-petiolate, narrowly or broadly ovate, about 6 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, acute, almost rounded to subacute at the base, the lateral nerves few and distant, the veins obsolete; racemes solitary or geminate, less than half as long as the leaves, few-flowered, the flowers almost sessile, each subtended by a small, ovate bract, 4-5- parted; perianth yellowish, about 6 mm. long, the segments united for somewhat more than half their length, the lobes spreading or reflexed, glabrous within; drupe said to be "as large as a chick-pea (deer)." Huanuco: Type collected in the mountains of Pillao and near San Antonio de Playa Grande, Ruiz & Pavon. Without locality, Ruiz & Pavon. San Antonio de Playa Grande, Ruiz & Pavon 29- 59. Libertad: Hacienda Membrillal, 1,200-1,400 meters, Weber- bauer 6983. 4. APTANDRA Miers Small or large trees, glabrous throughout, with slender branches; leaves rather thin, acuminate; flowers in small, axillary panicles; calyx very small, patelliform, 4-dentate, fleshy, in fruit slightly accrescent and cupuliform, partly enclosing the fruit; petals 4, fleshy, almost linear, inflexed at the apex, finally reflexed and spirally con- volute; disk composed of squamiform glands; stamens 4, the fila- FLORA OF PERU 427 ments united to form a fleshy tube; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate. One other species is known from Brazil, and another occurs in western Africa. Flowers on long, slender pedicels A. Spruceana. Flowers short-pedicellate or almost sessile A. tubicina. Aptandra Spruceana Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist. II. 7: 202. 1851. A small or medium-sized tree, reported to reach a height of 16 meters, with long, slender branches; leaves short-petiolate, oblong or elliptic-oblong, mostly 9-12 cm. long and 4-5 cm. wide, abruptly and narrowly obtuse-acuminate, acutish at the base; panicles broad, shorter than the leaves, the very numerous white flowers umbellate at the ends of the branches, the pedicels sometimes 2 cm. long but mostly much shorter; petals 3 mm. long; drupe globose, as much as 2 cm. in diameter. Illustrated, Miers, Contr. Bot. 1: pi. 1; Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2:pl.l,f. 2. Neg. 19075. Loreto: Santa Rosa, 200 meters, edge of forest, Williams 4798. San Ramon, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4550. Timbuchi, edge of forest, Williams 964- San Martin: Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, in forest, Klug 2698. Amazonian Brazil. "Pamashto," "trompo huayo." Aptandra tubicina (Poepp.) Benth. ex Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist. III. 4: 360. 1859. Heisteria tubicina Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 35. pi. 251. 1845. A small tree with slender, green branches; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic, 10-13 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide, linear-attenuate at the apex; panicles one-fourth or one-third as long as the leaves, the flowers on pedicels only 1 mm. long, subracemose, the pedicels in fruit elongate and thickened; fruit blackish, ovoid-globose, 2.5 cm. long. Illustrated (flower), Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: pi. 1 J.I. Loreto: Type collected in forest near Yurimaguas, Poeppig. Amazonian Brazil. 55. BALANOPHORACEAE. Balanophora Family Reference: Harms, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 296-339. 1935. Fleshy, yellowish or red root parasites that at least superficially suggest some strange fungus rather than a flowering plant. A Brazilian species, Lophophytum mirabile Schott & Endl. (illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 325), that reminds one of a sea-anemone as much as of a plant, and is represented in Peru by a variety, has 428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII the local reputation of endowing with magical power (Harms). The rhizomes often bear or are more or less enveloped in gall-like struc- tures of symbiotic character; cf. Strigl, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 1127-1172. 1908. Rhizomes scaly, with deciduous bracts, the elongate flower body basally bracteate; perianth lacking 1. Lophophytum. Rhizomes ebracteate. Flower body without imbricate bracts. Flowers borne externally; perianths lacking. Staminate flowers on the upper part of the flower body. 2. Ombrophytum. Staminate flowers on the lower part of the flower body or absent 3. Juelia. Flowers sunk in hair-like paleae, the staminate with a perianth. Perianth 3-parted; flower body often oval 5. Helosis. Perianth tubular; flower body often elongate. . .6. Corynaea. Flower body bracteate, the bracts imbricate 4. Langsdorffia. 1. LOPHOPHYTUM Schott & Endl. Flower body devoid of a cup-like base, whitish to reddish violet. Some medicinal use of the Brazilian species has been made, par- ticularly in the treatment of rhachitis (Peckolt). Lophophytum bolivianum Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 14: 185. pi. 10. 1850. Rhizomes lobed, the cone-like inflorescences 10-30 cm. long, sometimes half buried; staminate flowers red, hidden by the sharp, erect, brown bracts, the pistillate ebracteolate, 4-5 mm. long; styles exserted but deciduous in age. Doubtfully distinct from L. mirabile Schott & Endl.; cf. Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 48. 1856. Tess- mann noted the color of the plants as reddish below, shading to light brown or white toward the tip. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4202 (det. Harms). Bolivia. 2. OMBROPHYTUM Poepp. Allied to Lophophytum, but the stamens and pistils separately borne around a disk or knob-like structure, the flower body basally enclosed in a deep cup or volva; lacking the cone-like scales of the related genera, the plants are totally different in appearance, these suggesting an ear of maize. Styles short, falling promptly. The FLORA OF PERU 429 plants develop rapidly after a shower, enduring only a short time (the author therefore called them "rain plants"), or they are soon killed, like fleshy fungi, by insect larvae (Poeppig). The authority for the generic name is as given! Anthers many. Volva cup-like, 3-lobed 0. peruvianum. Volva entire, tube-like 0. zamioides. Anthers few, about 7 0. Ulei. Ombrophytum peruvianum P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 40. pi. 155. 1838. Yellowish, 10 cm. tall or taller, the broad volva more or less 3-lobed and as much as 10 cm. deep. Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. 327. Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Loreto: Upper Maranon (Tess- mann 3994, det. Harms). Rio Acre: ( Ule, fide Harms). Brazil. "Maiz del monte." Ombrophytum Ulei Harms, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 328. /. 165. 1935. Distinguished especially by the low staminate disk and the few stamens; volva narrow, entire. Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 327. Rio Acre: (Ule). Loreto: Rio Maranon above Pongo de Man- seriche, 200 meters, Mexia 6337a, on floor in dense forest. Ombrophytum zamioides Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 14: 184. pi. 10. 1850. Apparently like 0. peruvianum, but smaller, the tubular volva entire. Perhaps here belongs a similar violet-colored plant from Tocache which Poeppig mentions. Hooker f. suggests, Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 50, that the plate of 0. peruvianum by Poeppig and End- licher is partly from memory, the differences of the Weddell plant, therefore, more apparent than real, and reduces the latter name. Only further collections can prove this assumption. Peru(?): Prov. de las Cordilleras (Weddell). 3. JUELIA Asplund Fleshy, the tuberous rhizome without scales. Flowers ebracteo- late, chiefly pistillate, with staminate intermixed toward the base of the flower body. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled, destitute of free pla- centae as in Ombrophytum at first. 430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Juelia subterranea Asplund, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 22: 274. 1928. Rhizome about 5 cm. thick; peduncular portion of the plant equal- ing or exceeding the volva; flowers rosaceous or pale rose; filaments 1-1.5 mm. long, the linear anthers twice as long; styles 1 mm. long. The bracts are stiped, with a one-sided, pointed, peltate upper end. In the type only one per cent of 100-150 flowers were staminate. As the original locality is near the boundary of the Department of Puno, the plant in all probability grows also in Peru, with Lepi- dophyllum quadrangulare (Meyen) Benth. & Hook., the host plant. Peru: (Probably). Bolivia. 4. LANGSDORFFIA Mart. Rhizomes at first tomentulose, more or less contorted, bearing 1-3 egg-shaped inflorescences subtended by several imbricate rows of pointed bracts. Pistillate flowers imbedded in tissue, the free staminate ones with a 2-3-parted perianth. Candles prepared from the rhizomes, which are rich in wax, are sold in the markets of Colom- bia under the name "siejos" (Harms). Langsdorffia hypogaea Mart, in Eschwege, Journ. Bras. 2: 178. pi. 5. 1818. Plants to several cm. high, the flower bodies 2-4 cm. in diameter; staminate flowers many, 8-12 mm. long. On roots of palms and fig trees (Ficus). Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 336. The cita- tion has not been verified. Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Mexico to southern Brazil. 5. HELOSIS L. C. Rich. Stipes of the roundish flower bodies raised from a short, cup-like base of the branching rhizomes. Staminate perianth 3-parted. The name has been conserved. Helosis cayennensis (Sw.) Spreng. Syst. 3: 765. 1826. Cyno- morium cayenense Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 13. 1797. H. guyanensis Rich. Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8: 416. pi. 20. 1822. Flowering stipes 5-30 cm. long, the basal cup very short; flower body ovoid, 2-4 cm. long, the flowers blood-red and more or less exserted. Plants bright yellowish or reddish yellow, or the stems purplish red. On Myrtaceae. Illustrated, Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: pi. 298, 300. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4402. Lower Rio Napo, Tessmann 3714. Cumaria, Tessmann 5077. (All det. Harms.) FLORA OF PERU 431 6. CORYNAEA Hook. f. Similar to Helosis except as indicated. Besides the following, the Colombian and Ecuadorian C. Sprucei Eichl. may occur in Peru; it may be known by its unisexual flower bodies. The genus is illus- trated, Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: pi. 13, 14. Corynaea Purdiei Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 55. 1856. Rhizome broad, flattened, lobed, sometimes several dm. long; stipes white, 2-2.5 cm. high, 12 mm. thick, bearing a subglobose or ovoid, bisexual flower body about 3.5 cm. thick, this at first white but soon covered with brown-red, hexagonal, peltate scales. On Cinchona roots. The related species being Colombian, the locality as Peruvian may be questioned. Peru(?): San Juan del Oro (Weddell). Colombia. 56. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family Reference: 0. C. Schmidt, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 204-242. 1935. The penguin flower, A. brasiliensis Mart. & Zucc., with blossoms 15 cm. long, the lower lip as broad Pflanzenfam. /. 122c is cultivated at the Lima Botanic Garden (Killip) and may possibly be found in Peru. 1. ARISTOLOCHIA L. References: Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 432-498. 1864; Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 282-299. 1927; 292-293. 1930; 30: 65-75. 1932. The determinations of practically all recent collections are by Schmidt or have been verified by him. The reference numbers after the citations are to the treatment by Duchartre. Leaves truncate at the base or very shallowly cordate. Leaves subrotund, mostly more than 11 cm. wide (cf. A. bicolor). Pubescence of the 5-nerved leaves beneath cobwebby. A. maranonensis. Pubescence of the 7-nerved leaves beneath merely crisped. Flowers purple and blotched about the edge, yellow within, about 2 cm. wide at the tip A. Pilgeriana. Flowers twice or thrice larger, purple-blotched within. A. Ruiziana. 432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves deltoid-ovate, mostly narrower than 10 cm. (cf. A. bicolor). Leaves mostly very lightly cordate at the base, glabrous or the pubescence minute. Stipules present (that is, here as elsewhere, pseudo-stipules). Leaves glabrous, not sculptured beneath. . . .A. physodes. Leaves pubescent, subcircularly sculptured beneath. A. deltoidea. Stipules none. Leaf nerves 7; leaves 11 cm. wide A. bicolor. Leaf nerves 5; leaves 6-7 cm. wide A. putumayensis. Leaves rounded- truncate at the base, crisp-pubescent beneath. A. Guentheri. Leaves distinctly cordate, usually cordately lobed, at the base. Leaves glabrous beneath or the pubescence microscopic or con- fined, as in A. Weberbaueri, to the nerves. Leaves ovate, pandurate or hastate. Leaves pandurate; flowers large A. pandurata. Leaves not pandurate, often ovate or subovate; flowers medium-sized. Leaves deltoid-cordate; petioles to 4 cm. long. A. Weberbaueri. Leaves broadly hastate; petioles 5.5-7 cm. long. A. mishuyacensis. Leaves subrotund. Leaf blades 10-20 cm. long. Leaves concolorous; flowers about 5 cm. long. Perianth lip wide and flaring, purple A. floribunda. Perianth lip narrow, yellowish A. cauliflora. Leaves glaucous beneath; flowers about twice as long. A. didyma. Leaf blades 4-8 cm. long. Perianth lip rounded, flaring A. elegans. Perianth lip split, narrow A. lingulata. Leaves distinctly but often finely pubescent all over beneath. Stems glabrous. Width of leaves usually less than 8 cm. (4.5-8 cm.); flowers solitary. FLORA OF PERU 433 Leaves oblongish, 15-18 cm. long; perianth limb bifid. A. iquitensis. Leaves ovate-cordate, 7-10 cm. long; perianth limb entire. A. Rimbachii. Width of leaves usually more than 8 cm. (6-18 cm.); flowers several. Leaves gradually acuminate ; flowers roseate. A . peruviana. Leaves short-acuminate; flowers yellowish. A. maranonensis. Stems pubescent. Trichomes of the stems 1.2-2 mm. long, spreading. Leaf pubescence beneath short, dense; perianth lip 2-3 cm. wide. Leaves to 5 cm. long or longer, broadly ovate; perianth lip about 2 cm. wide A. amazonica. Leaves often larger, ovate-deltoid; perianth lip wider. A. truncata. Leaf pubescence beneath hirsutulous; perianth lip 8 mm. wide A. pilosa. Trichomes appressed or short. Trichomes subappressed; leaves sometimes pandurate. Leaves pandurate A. Burelae. Leaves not pandurate A. Macbrideana. Trichomes spreading; leaves not pandurate. Leaves velvety beneath, the sinus under 1 cm. wide; flowers several A. asperifolia. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, the sinus often broader; flowers solitary or binate. Leaves 5 (-T)-nerved, scabrous or pubescent above; perianth limb short-acuminate. Leaves deltoid, subobtuse A. Killipiana. Leaves ovate, acuminate A. fragrantissima. Leaves 3-5-nerved, glabrous above; perianth limb I typically long-acuminate A. Mathewsii. Aristolochia amazonica Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 122. 1905. 434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Stems herbaceous, setose-pilose; petioles 3-5 cm. long; leaves sometimes 7 cm. long and nearly as wide, acute, glabrous above, shortly and densely tomentose beneath; flowers axillary, solitary, the pedicel with ovary 5-6 cm. long; perianth densely pilose, about 7 cm. long; tube slightly curved above the middle, cylindric, finally broadened and expanded to the one-lobed limb, this 2-2.5 cm. long; lip broadly elliptic, rounded-obtuse, to nearly 3 cm. long, pubescent within, with subulate processes. Remarkable for the long (to 3 cm.) utricle. Flowers purple or olive with dark markings, the lip in the middle bright brown-yellow, at the tip thickly flecked with purple. Neg. 4896. Loreto: Cainarachi, Ule 6406, type. Yurimaguas, 135 meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 27583, 27996. El Recreo, 200 meters, edge of forest, Williams 3957. Balsapuerto, 220 meters, in forest, Klug 3042. Aristolochia asperifolia Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 121. 1905. A high-climbing vine with round and forking stems; petioles 3-4 cm. long, that is, little longer than the depth of the leaf sinus; leaves to 16.5 cm. long and 9 cm. broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate, above rough-pubescent, indistinctly 5-nerved; flowers 6-7 cm. long, green, in short racemes; tube 2.5 cm. long, pubescent without, ventri- cose-ovoid at the base, refracted, recurved, expanding above the middle to the cordate-ovate, acutely cuspidate limb, above densely glandular; capsule to 6.5 cm. long and 3.2 cm. thick; seeds tri- angular, broadly margined, verruculose. Near A. Sprucei Mast., but distinguished by its rough leaves, narrowly cordate at the base. Neg. 4899. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6502 (type). Alto Rio Huallaga, Williams 5653. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, in thicket, 5459. Rio Acre: Ule 9340. "Canastilla." Aristolochia bicolor Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 124. 1905. Herbaceous, glabrous except for the grayish white, finely pubes- cent leaves beneath; petiole 5-7 cm. long; leaves triangular-acute, thin, dark green above, nearly silvery beneath (but the 7 nerves glabrous), 12-13.5 cm. long, 11-12.5 cm. wide; capsule rugose, ellipsoid, 5-6 cm. long; seeds 6 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, minutely pubescent, acute at the base, incised at the apex. Neg. 4900. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule. Brazil. FLORA OF PERU 435 Aristolochia Burelae Herzog, Medd. Rijks Herb. Leiden 40: 2. 1921. Slender, the youngest stems, leaves on both sides, and flowers tomentose; petioles 1.5-2 cm. long or somewhat longer; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly deltoid, acute, 5.5-12 cm. long, 3.5- 8.5 cm. wide, 5-7-nerved; flowers axillary, solitary; tube 2 cm. long, the lip 3 cm. long, 8 mm. wide at the lightly cordate base, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acute, black-hirsute and glandular-punctate with yellow-bordered, black spots about the opening. Neg. 4903. Rio Acre: Ule 9342. Bolivia. Aristolochia cauliflora Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 120. 1905, A thick-stemmed, high-climbing liana with cordate-acuminate, thick leaves; petioles about 15 cm. long; leaves blunt, with a broad, deep sinus, 13.5-22 cm. long, 11-20 cm. broad; flowers few, in fascicles, yellowish with lilac-red veins, to 10 cm. long; tube 2-2.5 cm. long; limb 1-lobed, lanceolate, sparsely pubescent within; lip 4-6 cm. long but only 2 cm. broad; capsule long-beaked, cylindric. The tube throat is yellow at the edge, toward the mouth lilac or brown-purple, from the middle to the tip yellow, the tip itself flecked with dark purple and black-purple-papillate. Neg. 4904. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6634 (type). Chazuta, 260 meters, King 4125. Loreto: Almeria, Middle Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3516. Aristolochia deltoidea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 146. pi. 112. 1817. Howardia deltoidea Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin 1859: 611. 1859. Stems sulcate, puberulent above and at the nodes; leaves deltoid, 5-nerved, somewhat pubescent on the nerves beneath but not silvery, 6-9 cm. long and 5-6 cm. broad; pseudo-stipules orbicular-reniform, sessile; flowers axillary, small, greenish without, with brown veins, within yellowish, the tip of the lip pale green with dark brown veins; utricle ovoid, puberulent, 3 mm. long; tube to 10 cm. long, strongly infundibuliform, with one rounded lobe only 3 mm. long, the other 1.5 cm. long. Cajamarca: Maranon Valley, Humboldt 3645 (type). Tabaconas Valley in half -xerophy tic shrub, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 6166. Bellavista, in evergreen shrub, 500 meters, Weberbauer 6210. Jaen, Raimondi. Amazonas: Bagua, Raimondi. Brazil. 436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Aristolochia didyma S. Moore, Journ. Bot. 53: 7. pi. 535. 1915. Stems angled, glabrous; petioles 5-10 (-25) cm. long; leaves cordate-suborbicular, 5-nerved, glabrous, papyraceous, 10 cm. wide and 12 cm. long or sometimes twice as large; flowers 8-10 cm. long, purplish, red-lineate, axillary, solitary, the peduncles 6-10 cm. long; utricle 3-3.5 (-5) cm. long, the tube 2.5 cm. long, the limb nearly twice as long; lower lip densely long-ciliate within, the upper, erect lip 2-lobed, the ovate, obtuse segments glabrous without, ciliate within; capsule 3.5 cm. long, nearly 3 cm. thick. Emits, as so many species, the odor of carrion. Flowers pale yellow, with purple stripes and margins (Ule). Rio Acre: Uk 9338. Brazil. "Zapato difunto." Aristolochia elegans Mast. Card. Chron. n. ser. 24: 301. /. 64. 1885. Flowers solitary from the herbaceous shoots; petioles to 5.5 cm. long; blades ovate-reniform, openly but evidently cordate at the base, obtuse, glabrous, beneath glaucescent, to 8.5 cm. long and 9.5 cm. broad; flowers long-stalked, the slightly distended (2 cm. long) tube abruptly bent upward, cream-colored with many purplish brown markings within, the golden-yellow throat (6.3 cm. long) surrounded by a deep purple blotch, velvety in texture; limb obliquely cordate- ovate, 7.5-8 cm. long, 5 cm. wide; utricle 3.4 cm. long, 12 mm. thick, within at the base arachnoid-pubescent; gynostemium 6 mm. long, the anthers 4 mm. long. Widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical lands. Junin: In hedge at La Merced, 600 meters, 5322. Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28923. Aristolochia floribunda Lem. 111. Hort. 15: pi. 568. 1868. A. juruana Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 7: 118. 1905. Allied to A. cauliflora, but the thinner, cordate-reniform, acumi- nate leaves with a shallow sinus; flowers large, greenish yellow, the throat within dark carmine, with white veins, the tube mouth greenish yellow, the tube itself 1 cm. long, the throat 4 cm. long and nearly as wide; limb cordate-ovate, peltate; peduncles 4 cm. long, fasciculate-racemose, the flowers few or as many as 12. Neg. 4919. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4193. Brazil. Aristolochia fragrantissima Ruiz, Mem. Virt. Bejuco Estrella 46. 1805. Howar dia fragrantissima Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin 1859: 615. 1859. FLORA OF PERU 437 High climbing or procumbent and diffuse, the very long, sulcate- angled branchlets rusty-pubescent; leaves ovate-cordate, with a deep sinus, acuminate, above scabrous, beneath densely pubescent, to nearly 20 cm. long and half as broad, on petioles 2-5 cm. long; peduncles axillary, rarely geminate or ternate; calyx villous within; utricle to about 1.5 cm. long, the tube 2 cm. long, broad and little ampliate, the lip 3.5 cm. long; capsule oblong, obtusely hexagonous. Leaves all only 5-nerved in 3 sheets comprising the type at Madrid, the 2 lateral basal nerves much fainter, so the leaves at base are prominently only 3-nerved. The measurements are from Ruiz's illustration, loc. cit. The illustration in Lambert, Cinchona 173, shows the tip of the lip with numerous small warts, placing the species (Schmidt) in the Papillatae. The flowers are said to be brown-red. Neg. 4914. Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz. "Bejuco de estrella," "contrayerba." Aristolochia Guentheri 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 27: 292. 1930. Stems, especially the older ones, erose; stipules none; petioles 3-4.5 cm. long; leaves 10-15 cm. long, 5.5-9 cm. wide, gradually acuminate, 5-7-nerved; flowers 4-5, glabrous, the peduncles 3-6 cm. long; utricle ellipsoid, 2 cm. long, 8 mm. thick, arachnoid within, the tube about 1.5 cm. long, the limb peltiform, spotted with deep purple, 2.5-3 cm. wide. Allied with A. Pilgeriana. The flowers of the Peruvian specimen are larger, the limb about 4 cm. long and more than 3 cm. wide (Schmidt). Neg. 4917. Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 392. Bolivia. Aristolochia iquitensis 0. C. Schmidt, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 196. 1927. Stipules none; leaves sublanceolate, 15-17 cm. long, 5.5-8 cm. wide, the sinus of the cordate base broad; bracts narrowly oblong- cordate, 1-1.5 mm. long; pedicels 2.5-3.5 cm. long; flower base obovoid, 7-9 mm. long, glabrous without, the obliquely truncate tip transitional to the erect, cylindric tube 7-8 mm. long, the upper lip of the dilated limb consisting of 2 lobes 1.2-1.6 cm. long and 6-8 mm. wide, these rounded and dilated at the apex; capsule narrowly elliptic, 7 cm. long; seeds narrowly oblong-cordate, 5 mm. long. Similar to A. lingulata Ule, but the flowers different, these bright yellow and red-brown (Klug), basally green, purplish red above. 438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5120 (type). Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 29905; King 66, 1388. Aristolochia Killipiana O. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 111. 1935. Stems slender, more or less sparsely pilose; petioles pilose, to 2.5 cm. long; leaf blades to 9.4 cm. long, 5 cm. wide, the sinus to 12 mm. deep and 15 mm. broad, thin, short-pubescent above, pilose beneath, especially on the 5-7 prominent nerves; flowers solitary, pilose, the utricle obovate-elliptic, the nearly erect tube apically dilated and almost bilabiately expanded, the subovate limb acumi- nate. Allied to A. triangularis Cham., with glabrous, scarcely cordate leaves, the perianth lip not abruptly expanded. Only young flowers are known, for which the author gives the measurements: peduncle 3 cm. long; utricle 1 cm. long; tube 5 mm. long; lip 13 mm. long, 12 mm. broad. Cuzco: Machupicchu, about 2,100 meters (Cook & Gilbert 841, type). Aristolochia lingulata Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 123. 1905. Herbaceous, glabrous, with slender, round branchlets; leaves cordate-orbicular, acute, glaucous beneath, thick, 8-10 cm. long, 7.5-9 cm. broad, on petioles 5-6 cm. long; flowers solitary, axillary, 12-14 cm. long, the pedicel about as long, straw-colored with dark purple markings; tube base ventricose, the tube 2 cm. long; limb 2-lobed, the upper lobe lanceolate, acute, 4.5 cm. long, the lower 8-9 cm. long, lanceolate-lingulate, constricted toward the tip and there expanded; capsule elliptic, 8 cm. long. Neg. 4921. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6581 (type). Chazuta, 260 meters, Klug 3988. Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5157. Santa Rosa, 135 meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 28923. Aristolochia Macbrideana Standl., sp. nov. Scandens herbacea, caulibus crassiusculis subteretibus pilis minutis brunnescentibus adpressis vel valde adscendentibus pilo- sulis; folia mediocria membranacea, petiolo gracili 3-3.5 cm. longo minute adpresso-pilosulo; lamina late triangulari-ovata 7-12.5 cm. longa 4.5-8 cm. lata acute acuminata, basi profunde (ad 2.5 cm.) cordata, sinu lato aperto, lobis basalibus late rotundatis, in sicco fusca, supra subsparse pilis brevissimis subadpressis brunnescentibus conspersa, subtus concolor, undique sed sparse minutissime adpresso- FLORA OF PERU 439 pilosula, basi 5-nervia, nervis elevatis, venulis prominentibus laxe reticulatis; flores laxe racemosi, racemis paucifloris, rhachi plus minusve elongata, subsessiles, ovario clavato-lineari pilis minutis brevissimis patentibus vel subreflexis induto; utriculus obovoideus circa 1.8 cm. longus sordide minute adpresso-puberulus, abrupte in tubum 18 mm. longum medio 3 mm. crassum constrictus, labio (perfecto non viso) ut videtur ovato-oblongo apice obtuso vel rotundato extus minute adpresso-puberulo intus sparsissime villoso. Flowers violet, green, and yellow. San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, altitude 260 meters, April, 1935, G. King 4079; type in Herb. Field Mus. Aristolochia maranonensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 296. 1927. Slender stems and petioles glabrous, the latter 3-7 cm. long; leaf blades glabrate above, densely arachnoid-pilose beneath and reticulate, 9.5-18 cm. long, 10-18 cm. wide, the sinus to 18 mm. deep; flowers 6 or fewer, greenish yellow, 8-10 cm. long; utricle obovoid, 3-3.5 cm. long, puberulent within and without as also the (1.5 cm. long) tube; limb broadly ovate, short-acuminate, 8.5-10.5 cm. long, with 2 brown-purple spots; gynostemium 5 mm. long, the lobes lanceolate, the anthers linear; capsule narrowly elliptic, 8 cm. long; seeds short-acuminate, 5 mm. long. Neg. 4922. Loreto: Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4865 (type). Aristolochia Mathewsii Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 497. 1864. A. reticulata Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 193. 1852, not Nutt. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong, cordate at the base, 3-5- nerved, obtuse or short-cuspidate, 5-12 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, glabrous above, pubescent and reticulate beneath; flowers solitary; perianth about 8 cm. long, the cordate limb villous without; capsule 3.5 cm. long. By error Seemann's name has been written "utricu- lata" by Duchartre and later students. A. Buchtienii 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 27: 292. 1830, from northwestern Bolivia, has leaves 12-20 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, narrowed to the tip, densely short-pilose beneath, and flowers about 6.5 cm. long. San Martin: Tarapoto (Mathews). Aristolochia mishuyacensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 32: 96. 1933. A. Williamsii 0. C. Schmidt, op. cit. 30: 70. 1932, not Rusby, 1910. 440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Stems slender, glabrous; petioles 5.5-7 cm. long; leaves broadly hastate, 12-18.5 cm. long, 8-10 cm. wide, usually acute, reniform- cordate at the base, the broadly rounded lobes 1.5-3 cm. long, glabrous, thin; stipules ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate, 25 mm. long, 18 mm. wide; flowers solitary, axillary, glabrous without, the peduncle with the ovary about 9 cm. long; utricle 5 cm. long, 2.2 cm. thick, glabrous within; upper (outer) part of the limb curved- cymbiform, the base truncate, to 5 cm. long, the apex subabruptly cordate, the appendage about 14 cm. long; ovary attenuate at the base; gynostemium 6.5 mm. long, the stipe 1.5 mm. long. Flowers green and red-brown or greenish yellow, and dark violet (Klug). Loreto: Fortaleza, Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4314 (type). Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1177, 1302. Aristolochia pandurata Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: 49. pi. 497. 1804; 475. Stems sulcately angled; lower leaves mostly pandurate-hastate, the upper hastate, acuminate, the deeply cordate base with oblong- ovate, obtuse, divergent lobes, 7-nerved, 8-16 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide; peduncles longer than the petioles, these 3-4.5 cm. long; flowers within lineate or reticulate with white or yellow; utricle 22 mm. long, the tube 10-15 mm. long, the limb 7 cm. long; capsule oblong, beaked, 7.5 cm. long. Flowers yellow and whitish with black-purple markings (Ule). Rio Acre: Ule 9339. Bolivia to Central America and Venezuela. Aristolochia peruviana 0. C. Schmidt, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9: 136. 1924. Stems below corky-ridged, to 1 cm. thick; petioles slender, tortuous, glabrous, 4-5 cm. long; leaves chartaceous, finely silvery- pubescent beneath, glabrous above, 5-nerved at the base, cordate- ovate, 8-17 cm. long, 6-11.5 cm. wide, the sinus rarely as much as 2 cm. deep; flowers glabrous, developing fasciculately from the lower stem, 6-10 together, the inflorescence to 6 cm. long; peduncles to 2.5 cm. long; limb peltate, 2.5-3.2 cm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. broad, the tube slender, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. thick; utricle oblong-cylindric, rounded at the base, 12-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; perianth within deep red with black and white spots, the throat of the tube white, without spotted with pale lilac-red, the throat orange; gynostemium 5 mm. long, with 6 spreading lobes; anthers stipitate, 2 mm. long; ovary glabrous. Neg. 4925. Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3459, type. FLORA OF PERU 441 Aristolochia physodes Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 119. 1905. Similar to A. deltoidea, but the leaves often constricted medially and therefore subtrilobate, and somewhat silvery-glaucescent beneath; utricle 18 mm. long; tube strongly inequilateral, 6-7 mm. long; throat 3-3.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad; limb peltate, ovate, long-mucronate, the base bilobate-emarginate. Ground color green- ish white but the lip within reddish with dark purple marks and orange at the throat, the tube itself greenish white. Here would key A. pseudotriangularis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 110. 1935, with glabrous leaves. Neg. 4927. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6582 (type). Aristolochia Pilgeriana 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 297. 1927. Similar to A. peruviana but the leaves 7-nerved and with no marked sinus; leaf nerves beneath densely and finely pilose; utricle pink with purple nerves, purple-pubescent within, usually 2.5 cm. long, obovoid; tube to 14 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick, glabrous; limb ovate-suborbicular, cordate at the base, obtuse, mucronate, to 3.5 cm. long; gynostemium obconic, to nearly 4 mm. long, the linear anthers 1.8 mm. long; ovary glabrous. By slip of the pen A. Pilgeri 0. C. Schmidt, op. cit. 27: 293. 1930. Neg. 4926. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4374 (type). Aristolochia pilosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 146. pi 113. 1817; 454. Stems slender, spreading-hirsute with brown hairs; petioles 2.5 cm. long; leaf blades ovate, cordate or subhastate-cordate, the deep sinus with nearly parallel, rounded lobes, glabrous above, 7 cm. long, 4-4.5 cm. wide at the base; peduncles 1.5 cm. long; flowers sparsely pilose; utricle 22 mm. long, the tube 3 cm. long, the lip 18 mm. long. Peru: (Surely). Bolivia to Central America. Aristolochia putumayensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 112. 1935. Slender-stemmed and glabrous except the leaves beneath and the flowers within; petioles to 5 cm. long; leaves oblong-ovate or deltoid- ovate, to 14.5 cm. long, truncate, angulately rounded, short-acumi- nate, chartaceous, shortly grayish-silvery-pilose beneath ; flowers few, 442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII reddish brown and orange, the peduncles about 6 cm. long; utricle narrowly obovoid, arachnoid within, to nearly 3 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, the suberect tube to over 4 cm. long, its oblique limb over 2 cm. long; ovary pilose; capsule narrowly elliptic, about 6.5 cm. long, very thin. Related to A. Pilgeriana, according to the author. A. KlugiiO.C. Schmidt, op. cit. 30: 66, is smaller, the tube only 3 cm. long but the limb to 7 cm. long and flaring, as in A. iquitensis. Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters (King 2032). Aristolochia Rimbachii 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 287. 1927. Stems slender; petioles 3.5-4.5 cm. long; leaves narrowly cordate, the sinus nearly 2 cm. deep, 4 cm. wide, short-cuspidate, chartaceous, 5(-7)-nerved, more or less densely but very shortly pilose beneath; flowers whitish without, glabrescent; utricle obovoid, 10-12 mm. long; tube about 12 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, the opening yellow; limb narrowly peltiform, 5-7.5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, glabrous, reddish brown with pale reddish nerves; capsule oblong-ovoid, acuminate, 6 cm. long, 2.5 cm. thick. Near A. odoratissima L., widely dis- tributed in South America, and to be expected; its utricle is about twice as long, the flowers violet and purple, like those of A. pandurata, the capsule 12 mm. thick. Peru: (Probably). Ecuador; Bolivia. Aristolochia Ruiziana Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 476. 1864. A. Duchartrei Andre", Le Mouvem. Hortic. 61. 1867; Fl. Serres 18: 35. 1869. Stem smooth and lustrous; petioles stout, to 12 cm. long; leaf blades coriaceous, green and lustrous above, very glaucous, shortly crisped-puberulent, and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath, 15 cm. long or longer and nearly as wide, short-acuminate, the base angled-truncate, scarcely cordate; flowers large, the connate limb 12 cm. long or longer, the obovoid utricle 7.5 cm. long and 3 cm. thick, the tube 3.5 cm. long, the throat 12-18 cm. long. The meas- urements (as in other descriptions usually) are by Schmidt, in this instance from Colombian material, the type being imperfect. The flowers without are yellowish with brown veinlets, the throat within thickly flecked with black-purple on a whitish ground, the mouth of the tube white. Klotzsch assigned the name in herbarium under Howardia. Illustrated, Fl. Serres 18: 35. Neg. 4930. Huanuco: Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pavdn. Colombia. FLORA OF PERU 443 Aristolochia truncata Field. & Gardn. Sert. PL 1: pi 44. 1844. Howardia truncata Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin 1859: 610. 1859. A. tarapotina Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 123. 1905. Closely allied to A. amazonica, but the leaves often 10-14 cm. long and 7-8 cm. wide; flowers yellowish green, the oval-ovate lip purple-splotched within and sparsely papillose with fleshy processes. Negs. 4937, 27818. San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Ule 6501; Williams 5454, 5560, 5570. Brazil. "Oreja de perro." Aristolochia Weberbaueri 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23:294. 1927. A vine with somewhat angled branches; petioles 1.5-4 cm. long; leaf blades deltoid-cordate, 4.5-10.5 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, the sinus 8-12 mm. deep, 7-nerved, glabrescent above, pilose on the nerves beneath; stipules ovate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers axillary, solitary, glabrous without, 4.5 to nearly 6 cm. long, reddish brown; utricle broadly ovate, 12-18 mm. long, sparsely arachnoid within; tube 1.5-2.5 cm. long; limb lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, mucronate, lightly pilose at the base; gynostemium 5.5 mm. long, the narrowly linear anthers 3 mm. long; ovary puberulent. Distinguished by the author from A. fragrantissima by the absence of papillae on the lip (but cf. descr.). Huancavelica: In grasslands above Colcabamba, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 6444 (type). 57. RAFFLESIACEAE. Rafflesia Family Reference: Harms: Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 243-281. 1935. Among the most singular plants in the world, these parasites, practically without vegetative development other than the flower which is produced directly from the roots or stems of the host plant, are represented in Peru only by a small-flowered plant on the branches of Casearia, or of other shrubs, possibly. It is surprising to learn that these tiny flowers, like elongate knobs projecting horizontally from branches of the host, are closely related to the strangely formed and colored Rafflesias that may measure 1 meter across (see Pflan- zenfam. 262 for a photograph of one). Besides the following genus, the scarcely distinct Pilostyles Guill. may be expected, especially on Leguminosae inhabiting the grass steppes. It is separated by having the perianth lobes broadened at the base and the placentae indefinitely or poorly developed. 444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 1. APODANTHES Poit. Little plants that practically are only small flowers borne directly and divaricately on the trunks and branches of Casearia. Perianth divisions free, narrowed at the base, subtended by 2 opposite, tiny, scale-like leaves. Placentae 4, broad. Apodanthes Caseariae Poit. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3: 422. pi. 26. 1824. Flowers about 5 mm. long, waxy white or reddish, often many close together. Curiously enough, only the pistillate plants have ever been observed. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 2: pi. 27. Loreto: Sierra de Ponasa, Ule 6937b. Guianas and Brazil. 58. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family By Paul C. Standley Reference: Meisner in DC. Prodr. 14: 1-186. 1857. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes scandent; leaves mostly alter- nate and penninerved, entire or essentially so; stipules represented by tubular, membranaceous to coriaceous structures (ocreae), these persistent or deciduous, sometimes wanting; flowers usually small, sometimes large and showy, perfect or unisexual, most often race- mose, the racemes simple or paniculate, the flowers clustered in distinct nodules; bractlets, if present, more or less connate to form ocreolae; pedicels articulate; perianth segments 5-6, free or connate, equal or unequal, often accrescent in fruit; stamens 5-10, the fila- ments free or connate at the base, the anthers longitudinally dehis- cent; ovary free, 1-celled, 1-ovulate; styles 1-3, free or partially connate; fruit a lenticular or 3-4-angulate achene, usually enclosed in the perianth. Plants with tendrils, these terminating the inflorescence. 1. Antigonon. Plants without tendrils. Plants herbaceous or merely suffrutescent. Perianth segments 6, in 2 series, the inner ones accrescent in fruit and enveloping the achene, sometimes with granules on the outer surface 2. Rumex. Perianth segments 3-5, equal or nearly so, never with granules. Flowers perfect; perianth not fleshy 3. Polygonum. Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious; perianth fleshy in fruit . . . 4. Muehlenbeckia. FLORA OF PERU 445 Plants woody, trees or shrubs, rarely scandent. Flowers perfect; perianth segments 5 5. Coccoloba. Flowers dioecious; perianth segments 6. Inner perianth segments enlarged in fruit, not red; stamens numerous 6. Symmeria. Outer perianth segments enlarged in fruit, red; stamens 9. Achenes obtusely trigonous 7. Ruprechtia. Achenes very acutely trigonous 8. Triplaris. 1. ANTIGONON Endl. Plants scandent, herbaceous or suffrutescent, the branches angulate; leaves petiolate, cordate, entire or nearly so; ocreae oppo- site the leaves, obsolete and scale-like; flowers racemose, opposite the leaves, solitary, simple, terminating in a tendril, the flowers fasciculate in the raceme; sepals 5, colored, unequal, the 3 outer ones cordate, the 2 inner ones narrower; stamens 8, equal; achene included in the calyx, 3-angulate. The genus is easy of recognition because of the tendril-bearing racemes. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. 308. pi. 69. 1839-40. A large vine, somewhat pubescent; leaves deltoid or broadly ovate, deeply cordate at the base, acute to obtuse; flowers at first small and inconspicuous but enlarging and finally 1 cm. long or more, bright rose-pink. Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3549, 1529, 1354- Yurimaguas, Williams 4046. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2286. La Victoria, Williams 2818. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5949. Native of Mexico and Central America, cultivated commonly for ornament in South America, as in most tropical regions, and often becoming naturalized. "Lazo de amor," "amor enredado." A very handsome vine because of its great abundance of large, handsomely colored flowers, which persist for a long time, and are as showy in fruit as during anthesis. 2. RUMEX L. By K. H. Rechinger f. Reference: K. H. Rechinger f., Die slid- und zentralameri- kanischen Arten der Gattung Rumex, Ark. Bot. 26A, No. 3. 1933. Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or androgynous; perianth 6- parted, herbaceous, the 3 inner segments often larger, enlarging 446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII after flowering and enclosing the nutlet, sometimes developing a grain on the midrib near the base; anthers 6, inserted in pairs on the base of the 3 outer perianth lobes; stigmas 3, penicillate; achenes 3-angled. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; leaves hastate; valves (inner perianth segments) not enlarged in fruit R. Acetosella. Flowers usually androgynous; leaves not hastate; valves enlarged in fruit. Valves entire. Valves without grains; plants very tall R. peruanus. Valves with grains; plants of medium size. Leaves short, obovate, thick; plants ascending, low. R. cuneifolius. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, thin; plants erect, of medium size. Lower leaves cordate at the base; flower verticels remote, nearly all with a leaf; pedicels not longer than the fruit. R. conglomerate. Leaves narrowed at both ends; flower verticels not or not all remote, only the lowest sometimes with a leaf; pedicels about twice as long as the fruit . . . . R. crispus. Valves toothed. Lower leaves large, deeply cordate at the base, thin; pedicels about 2.5 times longer than the fruit, jointed near the base. R. obtusifolius. Lower leaves small, slightly cordate at the base, thickish; pedicels as long as the fruit, jointed at the middle. R. pulcher. Rumex Acetosella L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753; 47. A low, slender perennial with linear or lanceolate, hastate leaves; valves entire, not enlarged in fruit, not larger than the nutlet, grain- less. A weed of European origin, naturalized nearly throughout the world. The subspecies angiocarpus Murbeck, Beitr. Fl. Sudbosn. 46. 1891, is remarkable in the union of the valves and the nutlets into a single body; it is known from Chile, Prov. Cautin, Werdermann 1254, and from Falkland Islands, Port Stanley, Birger. Illustrated, Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 192. Junin: La Quinua, 3,600 meters, clay bank along trail, 2010. Colombia; Brazil; Argentina; Chile. FLORA OF PERU 447 Rumex conglomerates Murr. Prodr. Fl. Getting. 52. 1770; 45. Lower leaves cordate at the base, plane; branches of the panicle divergent; flower verticels nearly all with a leaf, remote; pedicels usually not longer than the fruit; valves small, about 2.5 mm. long, entire, all bearing large grains. A weed of European origin, natural- ized in extratropic parts of the New World, but not so common as R. crispus. Illustrated, Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 166. Huanuco: Mito, abandoned river pasture, 2,700 meters, 1557. Huanuco, 2,100 meters, ditch banks, 3508. Junin: Tarma, 3,100 meters, shaded stream banks, Killip & Smith 21864- Lima: Aman- caes, Savatier 1602. San Lorenzo Island, Andersson. Venezuela; Bolivia; Uruguay; Argentina; Chile. "Acelga." Rumex crispus L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753; 44. Stem strict, erect; leaves narrowed at both ends, lanceolate, acute, crisped; panicle elongate, narrow; pedicels longer than the fruit; valves round-ovate, somewhat cordate at the base, entire, 4-5 mm. long, usually all grain-bearing, but the grains of the same perianth often unlike in size or even 2 of them absent. A common weed of European origin, introduced to most other parts of the world and naturalized in extratropical regions. A polymorphic species. Lima: Lima, W. Nation. San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7777. Huanuco: Mito, weed in pasture, 2,700 meters, 1683. Bolivia; Argentina; Chile. Rumex cuneifolius Campd. Mon. Rum. 95. 1819; 20. Widely creeping, with somewhat fleshy, obovate leaves and small fruiting panicles; leaves somewhat crisped marginally, the rather short petioles and leaf nerves beneath scabrous; branches of the panicle few, short; flower verticels usually approximate, without leaves; pedicels thick, shorter than the fruit, usually jointed at the middle; valves firm, triangular-ovate, entire, 4-5 mm. long, all with a prominent grain; ripe achenes dark brown, broadest at the middle, 2.5 mm. long. This species of peculiar habit can not be confused with any other Peruvian one. It is widely spread through a large part of southern South America and introduced to some ports of North America and Europe. The height of stem, thickness of leaves, and size of valves are variable. A hybrid, R. mirabilis Rech. f. (R. crispus X cuneifolius} op. cit. 48, is known from Bolivia: La Paz, Buchtien 4488. Illustrated, Rech. f. op. cit. pi. 5. Arequipa: Arequipa, Holway 766. Viktortal, "La Chorunga," 1,050 meters, Weberbauer 1447. Cuzco: San Cristobal, 3,450 meters, 448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Herrera 2175. Below Cuzco, Rose. Puno: Lake Titicaca, Lechler. Junin: Oroya, 3,600 meters, margin of brook, 985. Tacna: Alto de Tacora, Isern 2032. Bolivia; Uruguay; Argentina; Chile. "Llague." Rumex obtusifolius L. Sp. PL 335. 1753; 46. Lower leaves broad, deeply cordate at the base, flat, the upper rounded at the base, narrower, lanceolate; branches of the panicle divergent; only the lower flower verticels with leaves and remote; pedicels slender, to 2.5 times as long as the fruit, jointed near the base; valves 5-6 mm. long, usually one of them bearing a grain, with 2 or 3 often very pronounced teeth on each side. A weed of Euro- pean origin, very polymorphic in Europe, introduced to South America only as subsp. agrestis (Fries) Danser, Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 1925: 424. 1926 (R. obtusifolius ft agrestis Fries, Novit. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 99. 1828), to which the following specimens belong. For a discussion of this variable species see Rechinger f., Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Gattung Rumex I, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 49, Abt. 2: 41. 1932. Illustrated, Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 181. Cuzco: Cuzco, Herrera. Colinas de Sacsahuaman, 3,450 meters, Herrera 2347. Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, river shore, 1708. Lima: Rio Blanco, 3,600 meters, grassy river bank, 820. Brazil; Argentina. "Paico." Rumex peruanus Rech. f. Ark. Bot. 26A, No. 3: 6. 1933. Plant completely smooth, vigorous, the simple, strict, trunk- like stem to 2 meters tall or taller, the internodes elongate, with short, caducous ocreae; leaves rigid but thin (dried), the radical rounded or truncate at the base, elongate-elliptic, plane, broadest at the middle, about 2.5 times as long as wide; lateral nerves numerous, forming an angle of 60-70 with the midrib; petioles of basal leaves one-third to one-fourth shorter than the blade, with very large, pale brown basal ocreae; pedicels thin, 2.5-4 times as long as the fruit, obscurely jointed near the base; valves truncate at the base, roundish, entire, finely reticulate, the midnerve somewhat thicker but never grain-bearing; achene 2.5-3 mm. long, dark brown when ripe, narrowed at both ends. This species was first described from an incomplete specimen in the Berlin Herbarium, consisting of three basal leaves, a fragment of stem, and some ripe fruits. The upper leaves, inflorescence, and flowers are thus unknown. In the form, consistency, and nervation of the basal leaves and the grain-bearing valves it is similar to R. tolimensis Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 262. 1849, from Colombia, which differs especially by FLORA OF PERU 449 its short internodes, stouter stems, and leaves covered by a dense, yellowish or brownish pubescence beneath. Illustrated, Rechinger f. op. cit. /. 1. Peru: Without locality, Weberbauer 5473 (type). Ancash: Pomo- pampa, 4,200 meters, in patches in bog holes of dryish flats, 2492. Cuzco: Valle de Paucartambo, Hacienda Churu, Herrera 2313. Rumex pulcher L. Sp. PI. 336. 1753; 46. Lower leaves small, somewhat crisped marginally, cordate at the base, often pubescent; branches of the panicle very divergent, often intricate in fruit; flower verticels partly with leaves, all remote; pedicels thick, not longer than the fruit, jointed at the middle; valves toothed, 4.5-6 mm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide, usually all bearing a grain, but the grains often unequal in size; achenes 3-4 mm. long, broadest a little below the middle. A weed originally from the Mediterranean Basin, naturalized in regions of the New World climatically suitable. A variable species, especially as regards shape of the valves; the subsp. eu-pulcher Rech. f. Vorbarbeiten Monogr. Rumex I, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 49, Abt. 2: 25. 1932, with usually fiddle-shaped and relatively narrow but long, toothed valves, and the subsp. divaricatus (L.) Murb. Beitr. Fl. Siidbosn. 45. 1891 (R. divaricatus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 478. 1762), with leaves nearly ovate and relatively broad but short, toothed valves, are known from South America and almost surely will be found in Peru. Illustrated, Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 183. Peru: Probably. Brazil; Uruguay; Argentina; Chile. 3. POLYGONUM L. Plants herbaceous, erect or prostrate, sometimes scandent; ocreae membranaceous or with a green, herbaceous border, some- times scarious; flowers small, perfect, green or colored, axillary and solitary or aggregate or in racemes or spikes, the pedicels articulate; calyx normally 5-parted, the lobes subequal, often gland-dotted; stamens usually 8, the filaments subulate; achene included in the calyx, lenticular or 4-angulate. Flowers axillary, solitary or fasciculate. Ocreae very large and conspicuous, deeply lacerate; upper leaves linear P. lacerum. Ocreae small, inconspicuous, not deeply lacerate; upper leaves oblong P. aviculare. 450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Flowers in long-pedunculate racemes or spikes. Leaf blades shallowly cordate at the base P. Meisnerianum. Leaf blades acute to long-attenuate at the base. Stems hirsute or hispid. Ocreae with a large, green, spreading, herbaceous border. P. hispidum. Ocreae membranaceous throughout, not green. P. peruvianum. Stems glabrous. Ocreae glabrous throughout, not with marginal bristles. P. portoricense. Ocreae often strigose, with long marginal bristles. Perianth with numerous small, dark glands . . P. punctatum. Perianth not gland-dotted P. hydropiperoides. Polygonum aviculare L. Sp. PI. 362. 1753. Plants glabrous, annual, prostrate and much branched, often forming dense mats; leaves short-petiolate, oblong or narrowly oblong, mostly 2-3 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, pale green; flowers green or whitish, sometimes tinged with pink. Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, steep, rocky slope, 91. Native of the Old World, naturalized almost throughout the cooler regions of America. The single Peruvian collection is referable here at least in the broad concept of the species. It seems better referable to P. avicu- lare than to any of the several South American species that are closely related but presumed to be indigenous. Polygonum hispidum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 178. 1817. A large, coarse perennial, often a meter high, with stout, hispid stems; ocreae 1-3 cm. long, densely hispid, with large, spreading, green borders; leaves long-petiolate, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 8-20 cm. long, long-acuminate, sparsely or densely hispid; racemes thick and dense, often paniculate, 2-10 cm. long or larger, the flowers pink or deep red; achene lenticular, 4 mm. long, black and shining. Reported from Peru (Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 122) upon the basis of a Ruiz collection, the locality not known. To be expected in the eastern lowlands. Widely distributed in South America, ranging northward to Guatemala; growing usually in swampy places. FLORA OF PERU 451 Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 239. 1803. Plants erect or ascending, annual or perennial, the slender stems glabrous, less than a meter high; ocreae 1-3 cm. long, appressed, strigose, with long bristles on the margin; leaves almost sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, long-attenuate, strigose at least on the margins and costa; racemes erect, dense, 10 cm. long or less, the flowers usually deep pink; achene more or less trigonous, sometimes almost lenticular. Illustrated, Mem. Dept. Bot. Columb. Coll. 1: pi. 27. Cajamarca: Celendin, 2,625 meters, Woytkowski 10; a common weed, filling ditches and marshy spots on plain. Cuzco: Valle del Paucartambo, 3,000 meters, Herrera 3861 ; at 3,400 meters, Hacienda Churu, Herrera 2330. Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, between rocks along river, 1545. Lima: Chosica, 900 meters, edge of ditch, 2861. Widely distributed in the cooler regions of America, also in the tropics. Polygonum lacerum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 179. 1817. Plants apparently erect and perennial, inclined to be suffrutescent at the base, glabrous, pale, the stems branched, striate; ocreae often equaling the upper internodes, very conspicuous, whitish, scarious; upper leaves linear, fleshy-coriaceous, the lower ones linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, short-petiolate, mostly 2-3 cm. long; flowers axillary, inconspicuous. Neg. 4977. Cajamarca: Type collected at hot springs near Cajamarca, Humboldt. Bolivia and Argentina. Polygonum Meisnerianum Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 3: 40. 1828. Plants very slender, perennial, subscandent, the stems sparsely glandular-hispidulous and with larger, recurved, prickle-like hairs at the nodes; leaves sessile or nearly so, linear or lance-linear, 5-15 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, attenuate, aculeolate beneath along the costa, elsewhere glabrous or nearly so; ocreae naked at the margin; inflorescences dichotomous, the racemes few, few-flowered, the peduncles glandular; perianth pink; achenes 3-angulate, lustrous. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1,200-1,600 meters, Klug 3580; flowers cream-colored. Argentina to Mexico and south- eastern United States. Polygonum peruvianum Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 122. 1857. Plants erect, slender, the stems glandular-hispid below the nodes, finally glabrate; ocreae 2.5 cm. long, strigose; leaves oblong-lanceo- 452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII late, acuminate, subsessile, appressed-pilose, 7-10 cm. long, acute to rounded at the base; racemes geminate, oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the flowers large; achene lenticular. Type collected at some unspecified locality in Peru, Mathews 3120. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4436 (fide Macbride). Polygonum portoricense Bert, ex Small, Mem. Bot. Columb. Coll. 1: 46. 1895. P. glabrum Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 3: 46. 1828, non Willd. 1799. A stout, glabrous perennial, sometimes 1.5 meters high; ocreae very large, often as long as the nodes; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades lanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, long-acuminate, with con- spicuous lateral nerves; racemes slender, 5-13 cm. long, dense, erect, the flowers white or pink; achenes lenticular or 3-angulate, black and shining. Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1994- Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8086. Caballo-cocha, aquatic, Williams 2455. Rio Masana, Williams 3. Extending to Argentina, the West Indies, and southern United States. "Tabaco de lagarto." Polygonum punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 455. 1817. P. acre HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 179. 1817, non Lam. 1778. Plants slender, annual or perennial, glabrous or nearly so, erect or ascending, usually less than 1 meter high; ocreae appressed, fringed with long bristles; leaves short-petiolate, linear-lanceolate, mostly 5-10 cm. long, acuminate; racemes very slender, 2-8 cm. long, the nodes remote, the flowers greenish white; achene lenticular or 3-angulate, black and lustrous. Illustrated, Mem. Bot. Columb. Coll. I: pi. 31. Junin: Puerto Bermudez, 375 meters, in thickets, Killip & Smith 26682. Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters, edge of small stream, Williams 3842. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in clearing, Klug 338. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 1410, 7984. San Martin: San Roque, in pasture, 1,400 meters, Williams 7691. Tarapoto, Williams 5657. Widely distributed in tropical America, often a common weed, extending northward to the United States. "Yacu shutiri." 4. MUEHLENBECKIA Meisn. Shrubs or suffrutescent plants, the stems usually scandent or prostrate, angulate or sulcate, the ocreae membranaceous, obliquely truncate, cylindric, usually soon deciduous; leaves petiolate, often cordate or sagittate; flowers small and inconspicuous, dioecious or FLORA OF PERU 453 polygamo-dioecious, whitish or greenish, solitary or fasciculate in the leaf axils or racemose or paniculate, the pedicels articulate; calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the lobes subequal or the 2 inner ones smaller, in fruit more or less accrescent, sometimes thick and suc- culent; stamens 8 in the staminate flower, about equaling the sepals; styles 3 and short or none; achene 3-angled, enclosed in the fleshy perianth or more or less exserted. The oldest name for the genus is Calacinum Raf., and the name Muehlenbeckia is not conserved. Since the latter has been in general use for the group, it seems preferable to continue its use, in the confident expectation that it will be conserved. Flowers in sessile glomerules; leaves mostly acute or attenuate at the base, never cordate or hastate-lobate. Plants usually prostrate and matted; leaves small, mostly less than 15 mm. long and acute or acutish, sometimes obtuse or rounded M. volcanica. Plants erect or scandent; leaves mostly larger and 2 cm. long or more, but sometimes small, broadly rounded to very obtuse at the apex. Plants erect; leaf blades mostly conspicuously longer than broad. M. fruticulosa. Plants scandent; leaf blades mostly as broad as long. M. Nummularia. Flowers in simple or paniculate racemes; leaves cordate at the base or more or less evidently hastate-lobate. Leaves not cordate at the base, more or less hastate-lobate; racemes simple, often greatly reduced M. hastulata. Leaves cordate at the base; racemes simple or paniculate. Racemes simple; leaves often puberulent beneath . .M. peruviana. Racemes paniculate; leaves glabrous or puberulent beneath. Leaves densely puberulent or tomentulose beneath; achenes often semi-exserted M. tiliifolia. Leaves glabrous; achenes covered by the sepals . . M. tamnifolia. Muehlenbeckia fruticulosa (Walp.) Standl., comb. nov. Poly- gonum fruticulosum Walp. Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. 19: Suppl. 1: 407. 1843. M. rupestris Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 256. 1850. Sarcogonum fruticulosum Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 4: 251. 1895. Calacinum fruticulosum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 115. 1927. 454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII A glabrous, rather densely branched, erect shrub about a meter high; ocreae small, often rather long-persistent; leaves petiolate, the blades thick and fleshy or coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to broadly oval, the larger ones 1.5-2.5 cm. long, rounded or very obtuse at the apex, cuneately narrowed at the base; flowers short-pedicellate, few or numerous at each node; achene included in the perianth. Neg. 4981 (M. rupestris). Arequipa: Yura near Arequipa, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 6840. Moquehua: Carumas, 3,100 meters, Weberbauer 7483. Puno: Puno, 4,000 meters, Soukup 372. Lake Titicaca, Meyen. Sandia(?) : Pascomayo to Moyobamba (Stuebel 37a). Bolivia. It is doubtful whether this is more than an ecological form of M. vokanica, and it should probably be reduced to varietal rank under that species. M uehlenbeckia hastulata (Smith) Standl., comb. nov. Rumex hastulata Smith in Rees, Cycl. 29. 1802-20. M. chilensis Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 148. 1856. M. chilensis var. fascicularis Meisn. loc. cit. Sarcogonum chilense Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 128. 1900. Calacinum chilense and C. hastulatum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 116. 1927. Plants woody, scandent, pale green when dried, glabrous; ocreae large and brown, conspicuous, rather long-persistent; leaves fleshy- coriaceous, rather long-petiolate, the blades broadly hastate-ovate to linear-hastate, truncate to attenuate at the base, obtuse to acuminate; flowers short-pedicellate, in axillary and terminal, short or somewhat elongate racemes, the pedicels short; achene included in the perianth or somewhat exserted. Negs. 7431, 27770. Arequipa: Above Arequipa, open, rocky slopes, 2,800 meters, Pennell 13246. Near Arequipa, Lechler 2746.- Cuzco: Pachar, bushy bank, 2,900 meters, Pennell 13691. Urubamba, Weberbauer 4914- Junin: Yanahuanca, 3,000 meters, 1221. Bolivia and Chile. "Huano negro." The plant is extremely variable in leaf form, and some of the forms are perhaps worthy of varietal rank. Muehlenbeckia Nummularia H. Gross, Bot. Jahrb. 49: 346. 1913. A much branched, scandent, glabrous shrub; ocreae rather long- persistent; leaves petiolate, the blades coriaceous, broadly oval to orbicular, 8-20 mm. long, 8-17 mm. wide, broadly rounded and FLORA OF PERU 455 sometimes apiculate at the apex, abruptly decurrent into the petiole; flowers densely fasciculate in the leaf axils; achene enclosed in the perianth. Ancash: Below Hacienda Cajabamba, between Samanco and Caraz, 3,000-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 3172. This is probably only a form or variety of M. fruticulosa or M. volcanica. There is known only the type collection, of which I have seen fragmentary material. Muehlenbeckia peruviana Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 150. 1856. Calacinum peruvianum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 117. 1927. A scandent shrub, the branches glabrous or somewhat tomentu- lose; ocreae conspicuous and long-persistent; leaves slender-petio- late, the blades subcoriaceous, ovate or oval-oblong, mostly 3.5-5 cm. long, obtuse or subacute, puberulent beneath or almost glabrous, shallowly cordate at the base; racemes short and dense, usually shorter than the leaves, sometimes greatly reduced; achenes more or less exserted. Neg. 4980. Junin: Huasa-huasi, Dombey210 (type); Ruiz&Pavdn. Cuzco: Paso de Tres Cruces, 3,500-3,800 meters, in thickets, Pennell 13894. Yanamanche, 3,500 meters (Weberbauer 4951). Muehlenbeckia peruviana var. cuspidata Standl., var. nov. M. cuspidata H. Gross in herb. A forma typica foliis solemniter acuminatis vel longiacuminatis differt. Apparently differentiated from the typical form only by the conspicuously acuminate leaves. Ancash: Pichin, Weberbauer 2929 (type, a fragment of this num- ber in Herb. Field Mus., received from Herb. Berlin). Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer 3373. Without locality: Ruiz & Pawn 13-95. Also in Ecuador (Loja-Zamora, Andre 4521). Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (HBK.) Meisn. Comm. 2: 227. 1840. Polygonum tamnifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 180. 1817. M. tamnifolia var. laxiflora Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 149. 1856. M. leptobotrys Meisn. loc. cit. Sarcogonum tamnifolium Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 6: 111. 1896. Calacinum tamnifolium and C. leptobotrys Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 116. 1927. A large, scandent shrub, glabrous throughout or nearly so; ocreae large, scarious, deciduous; leaves on short or elongate petioles, the blades firm-membranaceous, broadly ovate or oval, mostly 5-9 cm. long, acuminate to rounded and abruptly cuspidate-acumi- 456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nate, usually deeply cordate at the base; racemes mostly elongate and arranged in lax panicles, densely or sparsely flowered; achene included in the perianth. Negs. 4983, 4979. Arequipa: Quequena, Isern 2036. Cajamarca(?) : Palco, Ruiz & Pavdn. Above San Pablo (Weberbauer 3806). Huanuco: Ambo, 2,100 meters, 3166. Huanuco, Ruiz. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn 13-97. Junin: Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2175 (determined by H. Gross as a new species). Sandia: (Weberbauer 648, 835). Ancash: Chiquian (Weberbauer 2826). Ancash (Weberbauer 3164). Northwestern Argentina and Bolivia to Colombia and Venezuela; Mexico and Central America. M. leptobotrys (type collected near Huanuco by Ruiz; Coccoloba carinata Ruiz in herb, ex Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 150. 1856) is merely a form with lax inflorescences. It may be called M. tamnifolia var. laxiflora Meisn., although it scarcely seems to deserve special designation. Muehlenbeckia tiliifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 255. 1850. Calacinum tiliifolium Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 117. 1927. A large, more or less woody vine; ocreae very large and con- spicuous, often long-persistent; leaves thin, slender-petiolate, the blades ovate or ovate-oval, mostly 5-13 cm. long, rounded and mucronate to abruptly cuspidate-acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base, green and glabrate on the upper surface, densely puberulent or tomentulose beneath and often grayish; racemes elongate, usually very dense, in large or small panicles; achene often exserted from the perianth. Ancash: Ocros, Weberbauer 2733. Pampa Ramos (Weberbauer 3187). Cuzco: Marcapata, 3,100 meters, Weberbauer 7777, flowers white; 7778.' Huanuco: Huacachi, 1,950 meters, in clearing, 4165, 4189; fruits red. Lima: Viso, 2,700 meters, trailing over rocks and shrubs, 754' Near Viscas, 2,100 meters, thickets along river, fruit purple-black, Pennell 14447. Bolivia. Muehlenbeckia volcanica (Benth.) Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4, pt. 2: 51. 1847. Polygonum volcanicum Benth. PI. Hartw. 81. 1841. Sarco- gonum volcanicum Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 4: 252. 1895. Cala- cinum volcanicum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 115. 1927. Plants depressed and forming small, dense mats, or sometimes ascending, the branches usually 30 cm. long or less, woody, glabrous throughout; ocreae small and soon deciduous; leaves subsessile, FLORA OF PERU 457 fleshy-coriaceous, mostly rhombic-elliptic, acute or obtuse, cuneate- attenuate at the base, mostly 7-14 mm. long; flowers small, green, fasciculate in the upper leaf axils, short-pedicellate; achene enclosed in the perianth. Illustrated, Wedd. Chlor. And. 2 : pi. 89. Neg. 7432. Ayacucho: Pampalca, 3,200 meters, open hillside, Killip & Smith 23253. Ancash : Tallenga, 3,600 meters (Weberbauer 2870) . Huaraz (Weberbauer 3228). Cuzco: Colinas del Sacsahuaman, 3,500 meters, Herrera 2350. Paso de Tres Cruces, 3,900 meters, rocky banks, edge of paramo, Pennell 13837; fruit black. Huanuco: Six miles south of Mito, 3,000 meters, stony, open slope, 1834. Tambo de Vaca, 3,900 meters, mossy, rocky upland, 4406. Junin: Carpapata, 2,400 meters, open hillside, Killip & Smith 24344', stems as much as 60 cm. long, prostrate. La Quinua, 3,600 meters, 2022. Lima: Rio Blanco, 4,500 meters, 3002. Canta, 2,700-3,200 meters, Pennell 14339. Huaros, 3,400 meters, rock slide, Pennell 14714. Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500 meters, creeping over rocks, Killip & Smith 21546. Matucana, 2,400 meters, 245. Puno: Araranca, 4,200 meters, ledges of siliceous rock, Pennell 13453. Asangaro, Lechler 1748. Sandia: Cuyocuyo (Weberbauer 849). Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Bolivia to Ecuador. "Mullaca," "pasamullaca," "zoczocma." 5. COCCOLOBAL. Reference: Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 106-229. 1890. Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous or nearly so; ocreae coriaceous- membranaceous, cylindric, eciliate, truncate, deciduous; leaves often deciduous, usually coriaceous; flowers perfect, in spike-like, axillary or terminal, simple or rarely branched racemes, the bracts ocreiform, subtending several flowers, the pedicels short or elongate, articulate at the apex; calyx green or whitish, small, the 5 subequal segments united at the base, the tube or the lobes accrescent and enclosing the fruit, usually becoming much thickened and succulent; stamens 8, equal; achene subtrigonous-globose, small or large. The genus is in need of critical revision in the light of recently accumulated material. Many of the species seem to be based upon vague or variable characters. The fleshy calyces at maturity are often very juicy and edible. Flowers in panicled racemes C. mollis. Flowers in simple racemes. Calyx tube accrescent and enclosing the achene, the calyx lobes very small. 458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Leaves conspicuously short-pilose beneath, at least when young, short-acuminate, more or less cordate at the base. C. excelsa. Leaves glabrous beneath, or barbate along the costa in the axils of the nerves. Bracts and ocreolae 0.5 mm. long. Leaves large, obovate, cordate at the base C. nutans. Bracts and ocreolae more than 1 mm. long. Veinlets conspicuously elevated and closely reticulate on the upper leaf surface C. sphaerococca. Veinlets inconspicuous on the upper leaf surface. C. Barbeyana. Calyx lobes accrescent and enclosing the achene. Leaves glabrous beneath, rounded at the apex, 4-7 cm. long. C. Ruiziana. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, at least on the costa, or barbate in the axils of the nerves. Leaves large, mostly 7-12 cm. wide C. Williamsii. Leaves smaller, chiefly 2-5 cm. wide. Leaves narrowly lance-oblong, long-acuminate. C. acuminata. Leaves elliptic to obovate, obtuse or acute. Rachis of the inflorescence glabrous or nearly so; leaves mostly acute C. peruviana. Rachis of the inflorescence short-pilose; leaves obtuse. C. gracilis. Coccoloba acuminata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 176. 1817. A slender shrub or tree 2-6 meters high, reported to attain a height of 10 meters, the elongate branchlets glabrous or ferruginous- pubescent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades narrowly lance-oblong, long-acuminate, 12-20 cm. long, acute or acutish at the base, more or less puberulent beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise glabrous; racemes slender, spike-like, longer than the leaves, the rachis puberulent, the pedicels very short; fruits 6 mm. long, pink or bright red. Neg. 4939. Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4651, 4606. Portal, 135 meters, Kittip & Smith 29263. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27879; edge of forest, Williams 5271. FLORA OF PERU 459 Santa Rosa, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4804- Contamana, 150 meters, dense forest, Killip & Smith 26879. Extending northward to Central America. A well marked species because of the narrow, relatively thin, long-acuminate leaves. A handsome shrub when in fruit because of the great profusion of bright red racemes. Coccoloba Barbeyana Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 185. 1890. A shrub or tree, sometimes 8 meters high, glabrous throughout, with stout branches; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, the blades obovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong or obovate, mostly 9-27 cm. long, obtuse to acuminate or rounded and abruptly short-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base and sometimes shallowly emarginate, the lateral nerves very oblique, the veinlets promi- nulous and closely reticulate beneath; racemes rather slender, shorter or longer than the leaves, the pedicels slightly longer than the ocreolae, or sometimes more elongate; fruit subglobose, almost 1 cm. long. Flowers described as cream-colored, white, or green. Type collected in Peru by Ruiz and Pavon, the locality unknown. Loreto: Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5138. Florida, 180 meters, in forest, King 2260. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1077. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4528. Iquitos, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 27494- Rancho Indiana, overflowed creek bank, 110 meters, Mexia 6426. Rio Huallaga, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 29006. San Martin: Chazuta, 260 meters, in forest, Klug 4127. "Nemono-o" (Huitoto name). Goccoloba excelsa Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 624. 1845. A scandent shrub, the young branches ferruginous-puberulent or glabrous; leaves short-petiolate, the blades coriaceous, broadly ovate to oval or rounded-obovate, 15-22 cm. long, obtuse to rounded at the apex and usually abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the shallowly cordate base, glabrous above or nearly so, short-pilose beneath, at least when young, the veinlets prominent beneath and closely reticulate; racemes slender, shorter than the leaves, the rachis usually puberulent, the nodes 1-3-flowered, the pedicels equaling or longer than the ocreolae; fruit globose, 9 mm. long. Neg. 4958. Loreto: Yurimaguas, edge of forest, 200 meters, Williams 4538. Amazonian Brazil, Surinam, and British Guiana. 460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Coccoloba gracilis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 176. 1817. C. peruviana Willd. ex Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 214. 1890, in syn. A shrub or tree of 3.5-6 meters, the branchlets stout, glabrous; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong-elliptic to ellip- tic, 5-7 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse, rounded or obtuse at the base, the veinlets scarcely prominent beneath, closely reticulate; racemes lax or dense, slightly longer than the leaves, the rachis short-pilose or puberulent, the nodes mostly 1-2-flowered, the pedi- cels 2 mm. long. Neg. 4945. Loreto: Rio Cachiyaco, Humboldt, type. Without locality: Weberbauer 6982. Coccoloba mollis Casar. Nov. Stirp. Bras. Dec. 8: 72. 1842-45. C. polystachya Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 261. 1850. A small or medium-sized tree, the branches glabrous; leaves short-petiolate, subcoriaceous, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 12-25 cm. long, acuminate or long-acuminate, cordate to truncate at the base, minutely puberulent or glabrate; racemes slender, paniculate, the panicles often very large, the rachis tomentulose, the nodes 1-flowered; flowers white; fruit ovoid, 1 cm. long. Neg. 21412. Loreto: Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 1991. Brazil, Ecuador, and the Guianas. "Tangarana" (Klug; signifying ant tree, and presumably indicating that the tree is inhabited by biting ants). On young, sterile plants, as indicated by Ecuador material, the leaves are often extremely large, as much as 60 cm. long and 50 cm. wide. Coccoloba nutans HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 175. 1817. A tree, the branchlets glabrous; leaves petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades obovate, 20 cm. long and 13 cm. wide, short-acuminate, cordate at the base, glabrous, the veinlets prominulous and closely reticulate; racemes dense, nutant, the nodes 1-flowered, the flowers in bud almost sessile. Known to the writer only from the descriptions. Libertad: Trujillo, Bonpland (type). Coccoloba peruviana Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 213. 1890. A rather slender shrub or small tree, the branchlets somewhat puberulent; leaves short-petiolate, chartaceous, the blades oblong- obovate, 5.5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, narrowed to the acute base, tomentose or barbate beneath along the nerves, the venation closely reticulate but not conspicuous; racemes dense, shorter than FLORA OF PERU 461 the leaves, the rachis glabrous or nearly so, the nodes 1-flowered, the pedicels 1.5 mm. long. Neg. 4960. Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2482. San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, in forest, Williams 6847, 6852. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon 229 (type), 13-89. "Cunchu-caspi." Coccoloba Ruiziana Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 215. 1890. A shrub or tree, as much as 5 meters high, the branchlets obscurely puberulent or glabrate; leaves short-petiolate, chartaceous, the blades subovate to oblong or more often rounded-obovate, 3-7 cm. long, 2-5 cm. wide, broadly rounded to obtuse at the apex, shallowly cordate at the base, glabrous, the venation prominulous, laxly retic- ulate; racemes usually much longer than the leaves, dense, the rachis puberulent, the nodes 1-5-flowered, the pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long; fruits globose, scarcely 5 mm. long. Neg. 27791. Lambayeque: Supo, 1,450 meters, Townsend A1S5; a form with very small leaves. Piura: Between Frias and Chulucanas, 300-400 meters, Weberbauer 6435. Negritos, Haught F15. Tumbez : Between Haciendas Casitas and Ricaplaya, 100 meters, dry river bed, Weber- bauer 7738. Without locality, Ruiz & Pavdn (type) . Also in Ecuador. "Liquanco" (Ruiz & Pavon), "analque." Coccoloba sphaerococca Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 185. 1890. Reported as a shrub, a tree, or a woody vine, the stout branchlets glabrous; leaves on short, thick petioles, coriaceous, the blades oblong- ovate to broadly elliptic or rounded-obovate, 7-20 cm. long, 4-11 cm. wide, rounded or very obtuse at the apex, sometimes obtuse- acuminate, rounded or obtuse at the base, often very lustrous, glabrous, the venation closely reticulate and prominent; racemes dense, usually longer than the leaves, the rachis glabrous, the pedicels slightly longer than the ocreolae; fruit globose, 7 mm. in diameter. Loreto: Yurimaguas, in pasture, 200 meters, Williams 3805; in forest, Killip & Smith 29027, 27958. San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce (type). Coccoloba Williamsii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 148. 1936. A shrub or tree, said to be sometimes scandent, the branchlets stout, glabrous; ocreae as much as 3 cm. long; leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oval, oblong-oval, or oblong-elliptic, 12-20 cm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex and some- times short-acuminate, more or less oblique at the rounded base, 462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII sometimes shallowly emarginate, puberulent beneath along the costa and nerves, elsewhere glabrous; racemes 20-25 cm. long, the rachis densely puberulent or pilose, the nodes 1-3-flowered, the pedicels in anthesis shorter than the ocreolae; fruit purple, ovoid- globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter. Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4803 (type). Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4597; Killip & Smith 28304- Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 673. Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2423. Florida, 180 meters, in forest, Klug 2240. "Palo meta-caspi," "tangarana mashau," "eseri-ey" (the last a Huitoto name). 6. SYMMERIA Benth. Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, coriaceous, the petiole subvaginate, no true ocreae present; flowers small, dioecious, panic- ulate, the staminate small, subsessile and glomerate, the pistillate larger, pedicellate; staminate calyx 6-parted, spreading, the seg- ments orbicular, the 3 outer ones smaller; stamens numerous, the filaments very short; pistillate calyx 6-parted, the outer segments small, oblong, not accrescent, the inner ones cordate-ovate, erect- connivent, accrescent and closely investing the 3-angulate achene. The genus consists of a single species. Symmeria paniculata Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 630. 1845. A shrub or small tree, sometimes 8 meters high, the young branches and inflorescence somewhat ferruginous-tomentulose, other- wise glabrous or nearly so; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oval to oblong, mostly 10-20 cm. long and 2.5-10 cm. wide, obtuse or acutish, rounded or cordate at the base; staminate panicles large, open, with slender branches, the pistillate panicles smaller; fruiting bracts 12-18 mm. long. Flowers described as yellowish, brown-yellow, and golden yellow. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 1: pi. 23. Loreto: Rio Masana, Williams 8, 101, 8150, 8145. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 727, 457, 1181. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 7993. Amazonian Brazil, Guianas, and Colombia. "Tan- garana" (ant tree; presumably inhabited by ants, like Triplaris). Sometimes called "manguirana" in Amazonian Brazil. 7. RUPRECHTIA C. A. Mey. Shrubs or trees; ocreae deciduous; flowers dioecious, fasciculate within small bracts, arranged in simple or paniculate racemes; FLORA OF PERU 463 perianth 6-parted ; stamens 9; outer segments of the pistillate perianth erect, narrow, greatly enlarged in fruit and bright-colored, the 3 inner ones small, linear, sometimes minute or obsolete; achene obtusely 3-angulate, pyramidal, 3- or 6-sulcate. Leaves acute or acuminate; inner segments of the pistillate perianth obsolete R. apeiala. Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex; inner segments of the pistillate perianth developed R. Jamesonii. Ruprechtia apetala Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 268. 1849. A shrub; leaves short-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades ovate to oblong or obovate, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, obtuse or subacute at the base, entire or undulate, soft-pilose beneath or glabrate; staminate racemes slender, lax, longer than the leaves, the flowers short-pedicellate; fruiting perianth 2.5 cm. long, pubescent, the segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved. Neg. 7414. Cajamarca: Between Ja6n and Bellavista, 600 meters, Weber- bauer 6206. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn 33-98. Bolivia; a variety reported from Amazonian Brazil. The Weberbauer collection is staminate. It is not certain that the Ruiz and Pavon collection is really conspecific with Weddell's type. Ruprechtia Jamesonii Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 179. 1857. A shrub 1.5-4 meters high; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong to oval or broadly obovate, mostly 3-7.5 cm. long and 1.5-5 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, obtuse at the base, glabrate above, densely velutinous-pilose beneath with short hairs or finally glabrate, the venation very prominent beneath and closely reticulate; racemes very dense, usually longer than the leaves; fruiting perianth 2.5-3 cm. long, the outer segments glabrate, bright red or purplish red, linear-oblong or oblong-spatulate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, the 3 inner segments very short, subulate. Piura: Cerro Viento, 30 miles east of Talara, H aught F 29, 13 la. Cana Dulce, about 30 miles east of Cabo Blanco, Haught F29. Tumbez: North of Tumbez, Oleson; (Haught 131). Also in Ecuador. 8. TRIPLARIS Loefl. Trees, the branches usually hollow and septate; ocreae deciduous; leaves large, short-petiolate, often with 3-6 longitudinal, distant lines on each side of the costa, these indicating folds of the blade in bud; flowers dioecious, racemose, the racemes paniculate or fas- 464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII ciculate, dense, the bracts small, ovate, acute, the ocreolae larger, long-acuminate, deeply slit on the anterior side; staminate perianth segments 6, subequal; stamens 9; segments of the pistillate perianth 6, the 3 outer ones connate into a short or elongate tube, in fruit greatly enlarged and colored with red, the 3 inner segments free or partially adnate to the tube, small and narrow, little if at all exceeding the tube, usually shorter; achene trigonous, the angles usually acute. The genus is a difficult one because of the apparent inconstancy of most of the characters usually depended upon for separating species. The best characters for separation of species probably are those of the fruiting calyx, but since the majority of the Peruvian specimens are staminate, fruit characters alone are unsatisfactory for separating the forms. The genus is greatly in need of critical and careful revision. Several Peruvian specimens probably represent species additional to those recognized here, but material of them is insufficient for description. The branches of Triplaris trees practically always are inhabited by small ants that bite severely and painfully. Branchlets hirsute or hispid, at least about the nodes. Leaves rather densely and evenly hirsute on both surfaces. T. fulva. Leaves glabrous or nearly so except for a few very long and stiff, appressed hairs along the costa T. Poeppigiana. Branches glabrous or nearly so, the hairs, if any, appressed or strongly ascending. Bracts of the inflorescence sparsely short-hispid near the apex, otherwise glabrous. Fruiting calyx 5-6 cm. long, glabrous; leaves oblong, acute or attenuate at each end, conspicuously black-punctate beneath T. punctata. Bracts densely sericeous or pilose; fruiting calyx shorter, usually abundantly pilose. Inner perianth lobes in fruit longer than the tube; pubescence of the inflorescence very short, mostly appressed, of silky or very stiff hairs; leaves usually oblong. Outer lobes of the fruiting perianth little longer than the tube, with a large, rounded or emarginate lobe in each sinus; inner lobes spatulate-linear, not auriculate at the base T. peruviana. Outer lobes of the perianth much longer than the tube, with only minute and inconspicuous lobes in the sinuses; inner lobes linear, auriculate at the base T. auriculata. FLORA OF PERU 465 Inner perianth lobes in fruit shorter than the tube; pubescence of the inflorescence of long, spreading, silky hairs; leaves mostly elliptic to oval, conspicuously broadest at or near the middle. Sinuses of the perianth tube naked T. Pavonii. Sinuses bearing small lobes T. Bonplandiana. Triplaris auriculata Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 174. 1857. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 15-20 cm. long, short-acuminate, rounded or acute at the base, sparsely appressed-pilose or almost wholly glabrous; inflorescence densely grayish-sericeous; fruiting perianth (immature) as much as 3.5 cm. long, densely sericeous on both surfaces, the outer lobes lanceolate, 4-6 mm. wide, obtuse, the inner lobes linear, adnate to the tube for more than half their length. The original locality is given as "In Nova-Granata? et Mexico (Pavon! in herb. Shuttlew.). T. Americana Pavon! mss." The specimens are unlike those of the only species known from Mexico, and are probably of South American origin. There is at hand a specimen from the Madrid Herbarium (Ruiz & Pavon 33-99), labeled as from Peru (or Chile). I suspect that the plant is the same as T. guayaquilensis Wedd. of Ecuador, and therefore to be excluded from the Peruvian flora, but it is included here because of the possibility of its Peruvian origin. Triplaris Bonplandiana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 262. 1849. Branchlets glabrous; leaves unknown; tube of the fruiting perianth subglobose, subappressed-pilose on both surfaces, the sinuses dentate, 18 mm. long, the outer lobes oblong, obtuse, the inner segments linear, adnate at the base to the tube, much shorter than the achene. The type was collected by Bonpland in "prov. Marannon" (Maranon), presumably somewhere in eastern Peru. Meisner (in DC. Prodr. 14: 174) associates with it "T. americana Bonpl. mss. n. 3599! in herb. Kunth." The type was without leaves, but the leaves of this specimen are described by Meisner as follows: Leaves oblong, 10-12.5 cm. long, 4-7.5 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate at each end, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, the lateral lines obsolete. I have seen nothing to represent the species, and have been unable to associate any of the available material with it. 466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Triplaris fulva Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 560. 1906. Petioles only 5 mm. long, the blades oblong, acutely acuminate, unequal at the base and rounded or subcordate, membranaceous, hirsute on both sides with fulvous hairs; petioles and branchlets densely fulvous-hirsute. Loreto: Paca, Rio Ucayali, Huber 1565, type. The species, strangely enough, was based upon a sterile branch, apparently taken from a young plant. I have seen a portion of a leaf of the original material, which shows that the leaf pubescence is distinctive for the specimen, but it may not be characteristic for mature material. It is probable that the proper treatment of the name will remain obscure until the type locality is revisited. As a matter of fact, it is not altogether certain that the plant belongs to the genus Triplaris. Triplaris Pavonii Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 172. 1857. T. boliviana Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 130. 1900. A small or medium-sized tree, 5-16 .meters high, the stout branchlets glabrous or nearly so, the much branched, ample in- florescence densely sericeous-villous with soft, spreading, long, pale hairs; leaves large, short-petiolate, usually subcoriaceous, glabrous or nearly so in age, mostly elliptic and acute at each end or abruptly short-acuminate at the apex, the lateral nerves numerous and close together; fruiting perianth about 3.5 cm. long, densely pilose on both surfaces, the tube ovoid, the outer lobes obtuse, narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, red or purple-red, the inner lobes lance-linear, shorter than the tube. Cuzco: Cuquipata, Diehl 2436 (determination very doubtful; perhaps undescribed, but material unsatisfactory; vernacular name Palo santo). Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, on river cliff, 5448. Loreto: Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 424- Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4176. Cachipuerto, 250 meters, in forest, Klug 3134 (very doubtful, perhaps new; staminate, the large, thin leaves densely and softly pubescent beneath). Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 947; staminate flowers cream-colored. Pongo de Manseriche, Killip & Smith 29124- Florida, 200 meters, riverside forest, Klug 2162, 2087. San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, Klug 3656 (leaves rounded or subcordate at the base; perhaps a different species). Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon 34-1 (probably type material; fruiting perianths only), 33-94, 33-98. Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil. "Tangarana," "maicharo-ey" (Huitoto name). FLORA OF PERU 467 Like other species of the genus, this is a handsome and ex- ceedingly showy tree when covered with the mature pistillate inflorescences, which are brightly colored in various shades of red, and remain upon the tree for a long time. Triplaris peruviana Fisch. & Mey. Mm. Acad. St. Pe'tersb. VI. 6: 149. 1845. A tree 3-16 meters high, the stout branchlets glabrous; leaves coriaceous, on short, stout petioles, the blades oblong, acuminate, acute to obtuse at the base, glabrous or nearly so, the lateral nerves rather few and distant; fruiting perianth about 3.5 cm. long, sparsely appressed-pilose or almost glabrous, the tube tubular-campanulate, the outer segments little longer than the tube, narrowly oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex, each sinus with a large, ovate lobe. Neg. 8490. Loreto: Timbuchi, Williams 1008. Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 2057 (uncertain, perhaps somewhat abnormal; if not referable here, the species must be undescribed). Rio Huallaga, Stuebel 1. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1451; staminate flowers white. San Martin: Chazuta, in forest, 260 meters, Klug 4153. Without locality: Mathews 1620 (type). Amazonian Brazil. "Tan- garana," "tangarana blanca." Triplaris Poeppigiana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 265. 1849. Blochmannia peruviana Poepp. ex Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 173. 1857, in syn. T. hispida Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 6: 111. 1896. T. longifolia Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 559. 1900. A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 meters high, the stout branchlets sparsely hispid with very long, spreading, stiff, brownish hairs; leaves large, oblong, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate, usually rounded or obtuse at the base, sometimes cordate, the lateral nerves numerous and rather close together, sparsely hispid or appressed : hispid beneath along the costa, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, or sometimes sparsely hispid over almost the whole lower surface; branches of the broad inflorescence more or less hispid with long, stiff, fulvous hairs; fruiting perianth about 5 cm. long, the tube sparsely or densely hirsute, the outer segments linear-oblong, twice as long as the tube, obtuse, the inner lobes lanceolate, short, adnate at the base to the tube. Negs. 27773, 4972. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, in forest, 5401. Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 26392, 26342. Rio Pichis, 350 meters, Kittip & Smith 26700. Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII meters, Killip & Smith 25244- Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuaya, Huber 1458, type material of T. longifolia. San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 1957 (type). Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn 33-97. Also in Bolivia and doubtless in Amazonian Brazil. T. longifolia was based upon sterile material taken, apparently, from a young shoot. I have seen a leaf of the original material, and this shows along the costa a few of the long, stiff hairs that are so characteristic for this species. Triplaris punctata Standl., sp. nov. Arbor 10-18-metralis, ramulis crassis glabris brunneo-puncticu- latis; folia breviter petiolata crasse membranacea in sicco olivaceo- viridia, petiolo crasso 1-1.5 cm. longo; lamina anguste lanceolato- oblonga 18-30 cm. longa 4.5-8 cm. lata anguste attenuato-acumi- nata, basi plus minusve inaequali acuta, glabra, subtus ubique dense puncticulis nigrescentibus notata, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus numerosis approximatis angulo acuto adscendentibus, striis obsoletis; racemi masculi fasciculati densissimi 7-17 cm. longi, rhachi glabra vel obscure puberula, bracteis latis tantum prope apicem hispidulis, aliter glabris, sepalis strigosis, staminibus bene exsertis; racemi fructiferi breves densi, rhachi glabra; peri- gonium fructiferum in sicco pallidum omnino glabrum circa 5.5 cm. longum, tubo late campanulato vix ultra 1 cm. longo, sinu lobulo ovato brevi acuminate onusto, alis oblongis tubo triple longioribus obtusis 10-12 mm. latis arete reticulato-venosis, lobis interioribus lineari-subulatis tubo brevioribus media longi tudine tubo adnatis; achaenium 13 mm. longum ovoideum profunde 3-sulcatum, angulis valde compressis alariformibus. Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, in forest, Klug 3009; staminate flowers cream-colored. Brazil: Near mouth of Rio Macauhan, a tributary of Rio Yaco, Territory of Acre, on terra firma, Krukoff 5277 (Herb. Field Mus., type; in fruit), 5333 (staminate). The species is well marked because of its long, narrow leaves, glabrate inflorescence, and large, glabrous fruiting perianths. The conspicuous dark dots of the lower leaf surface are not confined to this species, but they are more noticeable than in any other I have observed. The leaves are strikingly like those of T. longifolia Huber, but in that there are no black dots, and this plant does not have the distinctive, long hairs found on the lower leaf surface in T. longifolia, i.e., T. Poeppigiana. FLORA OF PERU 469 59. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family By Paul C. Standley Herbs or shrubs, the pubescence often of minute, inflated hairs, the stems sometimes jointed; leaves opposite or alternate, without stipules, never regularly serrate; flowers perfect or unisexual, usually small and greenish, solitary or glomerate, often arranged in spikes or cymes; perianth simple, herbaceous or membranaceous, normally of 2-5 segments, these united below, often enlarged in fruit; stamens usually 2-5, the filaments slender, the anthers dorsifixed, 4-celled; ovary superior, 1-celled; stigma capitate, or the styles 2-3, or the stigmas 2-5 and sessile; ovule solitary; fruit a utricle, containing a single small seed. Besides the species and genera listed below, the beet (remolacha; Beta vulgaris L.) and spinach (espinaca; Spinacia oleracea L.) some- times are cultivated as edible vegetables in Peru. Stems jointed, fleshy; leaves reduced to minute scales; flowers sunken in groups of 3-5 in the joints of the stem . . 1. Salicornia. Stems not jointed; leaves usually well developed; flowers not sunken in the stem. Embryo spirally coiled; leaves terete or semiterete, very fleshy; flowers all axillary 2. Suaeda. Embryo not spirally coiled; leaves flat; flowers often spicate or cymose. Flowers perfect, not bracteolate 3. Chenopodium. Flowers unisexual, the pistillate ones subtended by 2 bracteoles, these enlarging with age and enclosing the fruit. 4. Atriplex. 1. SALICORNIA L. Annuals or perennials, sometimes suffrutescent, fleshy, glabrous, with jointed branches, the joints dilated at the apex into a short sheath; flowers perfect or polygamous, immersed in groups of 3-7 on opposite sides of the joints, the flowering joints forming cylindric, terminal spikes; perianth obpyramidal, fleshy, 3-4-dentate; stamens 1-2; fruit a minute utricle, included in the perianth; seed erect, compressed, minutely hairy. Salicornia fruticosa L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 5. 1762. S. pemviana HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 193. 1817. S. Gaudichaudiana Moq. Chenop. Enum. 115. 1840. S. biloba Kunze ex Fenzl in Mart. Fl. 470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Bras. 5, pt. 1: 158. 1864, in syn. S. Neei Lag. Mem. PI. Barrill. 51. 1817. S. equisetifolia Willd. ex Moq. loc. cit. as syn. An erect or prostrate perennial, suffrutescent at the base, much branched, the secondary branches ascending or erect, usually branched, the joints mostly 1-2 cm. long; sheaths rounded or with acutish lobes; flower spikes about 2 cm. long and 3 mm. thick, the flowers in groups of 3; seed yellowish brown, covered with short, conic hairs. Neg. 7354 (S.Gaudichaudiana). Arequipa: Mollendo, R. S. Williams 2543. Lima: Lurin, in salt marsh, 5931. Callao, Wilkes Expl. Exped. Type of S. peruviana collected by Humboldt and Bonpland near Huarmei (Dept. Lima). Widely distributed on seashores of both hemispheres. 2. SUAEDA Forsk. Annuals or perennials, erect or prostrate, glabrous or pubescent, herbaceous or suffrutescent; leaves alternate, terete or semiterete, rarely flat, entire, fleshy; flowers minute, chiefly perfect, solitary or glomerate in the leaf axils; perianth fleshy, 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a compressed or depressed utricle, enclosed in the perianth; seed horizontal or erect, smooth or roughened. Suaeda foliosa Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 156. 1849. Apparently perennial, glabrous or nearly so, much branched, the stout branches roughened by the persistent leaf bases of fallen leaves; leaves mostly 5-8 mm. long, glaucous, very thick and fleshy, obtuse or acutish, semiterete, glabrous; flowers minute, green, solitary or in clusters of 3. Neg. 7356. Lima: Lima and Callao, Wilkes Expl. Exped. Lima, Rose 18576. Type said to have been collected somewhere in Peru by Gaudichaud. Also in Chile. Suaeda foliosa var. tenuifolia (Phil.) Standl., comb. nov. S. tenuifolia Phil. Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 432. 1895. S. divaricata Moq. var. tenuifolia Reiche, Fl. Chil. 6: 175. 1911. Leaves longer and proportionately narrower, as much as 18 mm. long; flowers in clusters of 3-5. Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, open, rocky places, Pennell 13104- Lima: Chorrillos, near Lima, 150 meters, loose, stony, seaside slopes, 5867. Also in Chile. 3. CHENOPODIUM L. Annual or perennial herbs, often strong-scented, usually either glandular or covered with a mealy pubescence of small, white, FLORA OF PERU 471 inflated hairs; leaves alternate; flowers perfect or rarely unisexual, chiefly 5-parted; perianth calyx-like, herbaceous, with usually 5 lobes, these often keeled dorsally, persistent; stamens 5 or fewer; fruit a utricle, erect or depressed, free from or adherent to the seed; seed horizontal or vertical, the embryo completely or incompletely annular. Seed vertical. Plants white- villous when young; leaves deeply pinnatifid C. multifidum. Seed horizontal. Embryo not completely encircling the endosperm; leaves and inflorescence glandular. Pericarp gland-dotted; flowers in spikes C. ambrosioides. Pericarp not gland-dotted; inflorescence dichotomous, some of the flowers pediceled C. incisum. Embryo completely encircling the endosperm; plants without glands. Leaves lustrous on the upper surface, rhombic. Inflorescences chiefly axillary C. murale. Leaves dull on the upper surface. Seeds white or nearly so C. Quinoa. Seeds black or blackish. Inflorescence naked or almost so, usually with many slender, spreading branches. Plants tall and much branched, slender; seed about 1 mm. broad.... C. petiolare. Inflorescence usually very leafy, dense, the branches stout, chiefly erect. Plants low and spreading; leaves small, 1-2 cm. long and wide, fleshy; seed about 1.2 mm. broad. C. pallidicaule. Plants tall, erect, stout; leaves much larger, thin; seed about 1.8 mm. broad C. hircinum. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. C. anthel- minticum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Plants evil-scented, erect or ascending, 1 meter high or usually less, annual or perennial, glabrous or puberulent, usually glandular- villous about the inflorescence; lower leaves petiolate, the blades oblong to ovate or lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, coarsely sinuate- dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid, conspicuously gland-dotted; flowers 472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII glomerate, forming short or elongate, leafy or naked spikes; upper- most leaves narrow, frequently spatulate or linear, often entire; seed 0.6-0.8 mm. broad, black. Cuzco: San Sebastian, 3,300 meters, Herrera 557 (reported by Aellen). Cuzco, Herrera 142 (ex Aellen). Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, a weed in corral, 1703. Lima: Lima, 150 meters, roadsides, 70. Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3556, 7914- Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 339. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4048. Mishu- yacu, in clearing, Klug 117. Fortaleza, Yurimaguas, in garden, Williams 4499. Aripari, 150 meters, Killip & Smith 29178. Santa Rosa, 135 meters, in clearing, Killip & Smith 28868. San Martin : Tarapoto, Williams 6247, 6189. Generally distributed in tropical America, and naturalized in the United States and many regions of the Old World. "Paico" (Amazon Valley), "camatai," "cashiva" (Mito). The plant has an exceedingly offensive odor, which is retained in dried specimens. Although widely dispersed in tropical America, this species seldom is abundant, and is confined chiefly to the vicinity of dooryards and barnyards. In Peru it sometimes is cultivated as a medicinal plant, being employed locally as a remedy for intestinal parasites and for affections of the stomach. The seeds are the worm- seed or Mexican wormseed of the pharmacopoeia, being considered a highly efficient vermifuge. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. subsp. chilense (Schrad.) Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 36. 1929. C. chilense Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1832: 2. 1832. C. vagans Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 21: 26. 1916. Similar to the species, frequently suffrutescent; stems often more or less white- villous; leaves chiefly smaller than in the typical form and more deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost leaves commonly coarsely dentate or deeply pinnatifid. Ancash: Recuai, 2,700 meters, rock cliffs, forming clumps, 2518. Puno: Azangaro, 4,000 meters, Weberbauer (ex Aellen). Puno, 4,000 meters, Soukup 222. Ranging to Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, and adventive in California. Macbride reports the vernacular name as "amush," and states that the plant is employed as a remedy for insect bites. Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1833: 2. 1833. C. hircinum subsp. eu-hircinum Aellen, var. andinum Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 122. 1929. FLORA OF PERU 473 Plants tall and coarse, erect, the pale stems more or less striate; leaves long-petiolate, broadly rhombic, coarsely sinuate-dentate or often somewhat 3-lobate, green but sparsely and minutely mealy; inflorescence dense, narrow, leafy, loosely mealy. Junin: Tarma, 2,100 meters, along trail, 1024 (type of var. andinum). Huancayo, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 6597. The species in its various subspecies, varieties, and forms has been reported from most of the South American countries. In general appearance the plant is similar to the common C. album of the United States and Europe. Called "sacha-quinua" in Ecuador. Chenopodium incisum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 392. 1811. C. incisum var. Bangii Murr, f. rotundifolium Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26:40. 1929. An erect annual, 60 cm. high or less, strong-scented, often much branched, sparsely pubescent or glabrate, glandular; leaves petiolate, the blades deltoid to oblong or rounded, sinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate- pinnatifid, bright green, bearing many yellow glands on the lower surface; inflorescence of numerous loosely few-flowered, axillary cymes; flowers sessile in the forks of the cymes and solitary at the ends of the slender lateral branches, the pedicellate flowers chiefly abortive, their pedicels becoming spinose; seed 0.5-0.8 mm. broad, dark brown. "Arcapaico" (Cook). Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, open, rocky slope, Pennell 13128. Arequipa, 2,500 meters, open, gravelly soil, Pennell 13166. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 807. Temple of Vira- cocha, near Tinta, 3,500 meters, among volcanic rocks, Cook & Gil- bert 208 (type of f. rotundifolium). In its various forms the species ranges to Argentina and northward to southwestern United States. One of the Peruvian collections has been referred to C. graveolens Lag. & Rodr. That is an older name than C. incisum, and may pertain to the same plant, but its identity is doubtful. Chenopodium multifidum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Roubieva multifida Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 1: 293. 1834. A prostrate perennial, strong-scented, much branched, the branches usually short and more or less villous; leaves oblong, 1-4.5 cm. long, sparsely villous and glandular, deeply pinnatifid or the lowest merely coarsely lobed ; flowers green, solitary or clustered n the leaf axils, sessile; seed 1 mm. in diameter, black and shining. 474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Reported by Aellen (Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 41. 1929) from Peru, Dombey 217. The record is doubtful. The species occurs in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, and is adventive occasionally in other parts of the world. Chenopodium murale L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. An erect or ascending annual, rarely more than 50 cm. high, bright green but somewhat mealy, usually much branched from the base; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades chiefly ovate-rhombic, 3-8 cm. long, irregularly sinuate-dentate; flowers mealy, sessile, the small glomerules arranged in lax or dense, chiefly leafless cymes or panicles; seed 1.2-1.5 mm. broad, finely puncticulate. Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, open, rocky slopes, Pennell 13145- Arequipa, Rose 19007. Junin: Tarma, 2,100 meters, mud wall of old house, 1019; moist ditch, Killip & Smith 21880. Lima: Chorrillos, near Lima, 150 meters, along trail on seaside hill, 5876. Lima, 150 meters, roadside, 67. A native of the Old World, but naturalized as a weed in many parts of America. " Yerba de gallinazo' ' (Cook). Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 126. 1929. Plants low and much branched, 50 cm. high or less, sparsely and coarsely mealy, pale; leaves long-petiolate, the blades 2 cm. long or less, thick and fleshy, shallowly trilobate, attenuate at the base to the petiole, the uppermost leaves sagittate or entire; flower spikes shorter than the leaves, axillary; seed minutely and irregularly punctate. Puno: Santa Rosa, south side of La Raya Pass, 400 meters, Cook & Gilbert 161 (type). Between Santa Rosa and Araranca, Cook & Gilbert 170. Junin: Oroya, Kalenborn 129 (determination uncer- tain). Also in Bolivia. Aellen names also a forma purpureum (based on part of the type number), in which the plant is more or less tinged with red. Chenopodium petiolare HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 191. 1817. C. paniculatum Hook. Bot. Misc. 2: 237. 1831. C. paniculatum var. reniforme Murr, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 994. 1904. C. paniculatum var. incanum Murr, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 12: 54. 1906. C. petiolare f. incanum Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 150. 1929. C. petiolare f. Hookeri Aellen, loc. cit. C. petiolare f. hastatum (Phil.) Aellen, loc. cit. C. petiolare f. scutatum Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 151. 1929. FLORA OF PERU 475 C. petiolare f . trilobum Aellen, loc. cit. C. petiolare f . reniforme Aellen, loc. cit. Plants erect or spreading, slender, much branched, pale, the branches rather densely mealy; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades thin, densely farinose or sometimes green and glabrate, very variable in outline, small, usually more or less deltoid and distinctly hastate- lobate at the base, otherwise entire or remotely sinuate-dentate; inflorescence large and open, much branched, the spikes slender and much interrupted, naked or with few reduced leaves. Arequipa: Arequipa, Rose 19006; gravel ridges along stream bed, 2,800 meters, Pennell 13252. Posco, 550 meters, Cook & Gilbert 41a. Mollendo, on benches and sheltered places, Johnston 3561; sandy desert hills, Hitchcock 22363. Ayacucho: Coracora, 2,900 meters, Weberbauer 5797. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, a weed in cultivated ground, Cook & Gilbert 432. Junin: Tarma, 3,600 meters, along trail, 1072. Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, gravelly river canyon slope, 242. Chorrillos, near Lima, 150 meters, in rocks on upper slopes of seaside hills, 5873. San Geronimo, Lima, 150 meters, rocky slope, 5901. Rio Chillon, near Viscas, 1,900 meters, bare, open, loam slopes, Pennell 14453. Lima, Rose 18590. Moquehua: Torata, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer 7465. The species ranges from Ecuador to Bolivia and Chile. "Lipcha" (Cook). The forms named by Aellen are based upon variations in leaf form, which are of slight importance. Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. Sp. PL 1: 1301. 1797. C. pur- purascens Jacq. var. punctulatum Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 67. 1849. C. Nuttalliae Safford, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 8: 523. 1918. C. Canihua Cook, in herb. C. Quinoa f. purpureum Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 124. 1929. A coarse, erect annual, frequently 1 meter high or more, sparsely and finely mealy, green or somewhat purplish (f . purpureum) ; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades large, broadly rhombic, sinuate-dentate, sometimes obscurely lobate at the base; inflorescences erect, leafy, very dense and compact; seeds whitish, about 1.5 mm. broad. Cuzco: Tinta, Cook & Gilbert 232. Santa Rosa, 4,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 231 . Cuzco, 3,400 meters, in market, Cook & Gilbert 84- Junin: Tarma, 3,100 meters, Killip & Smith 21907. Puno: Pomata, 3,820 meters, Weberbauer 7964- Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Also in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina, and in Mexico. "Quinoa," "quinua," "canihua." 476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII The plant has long been an important food staple in the Andes, where it is planted extensively for its nutritious seeds. Most com- monly the fresh flower spikes are cooked and the whole is eaten, or else the seeds are stripped from the spikes with the teeth. 4. ATRIPLEX L. Shrubs or herbs, more or less furfuraceous, farinose, or canes- cent with inflated hairs; leaves alternate or opposite; flowers monoe- cious or dioecious, usually glomerate, the glomerules axillary or dis- posed in solitary or panicled spikes; staminate perianth 3-5-parted; stamens 3-5; pistillate flowers bibracteolate, the bractlets accres- cent, free or united, enclosing the fruit, the perianth usually none; seed erect or inverted, rarely horizontal. The genus is most abundantly represented in arid regions, and there are numerous species in Chile and Argentina. Plants prostrate, herbaceous; leaves small, mostly 4-8 mm. long. A. serpyllifolia. Plants erect or ascending, often shrubby; leaves large, chiefly 1.5-6 cm. long. Bracts foliaceous, dentate, usually 6-9 mm. long or longer; leaves mostly dentate or crispate A. rotundifolia. Bracts not foliaceous, entire or nearly so, usually about 5 mm. long. A. peruviana. Atriplex peruviana Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 102. 1849. Chenopodium cinereum Moq. Chenop. Enum. 27. 1840. A shrub 1-2 meters high, much branched, grayish or whitish and densely farinose or furfuraceous throughout, the branches slender, pale; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades rhombic or broadly ovate to rounded, mostly 1.5-3 cm. long, entire or nearly so but often cris- pate; flowers monoecious, the staminate glomerules forming large and rather open, terminal panicles, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the leaf axils; fruiting bracts rhombic or broadly triangular, obtuse or acutish, densely furfuraceous. Neg. 7355. Arequipa: Rio de Lomas and Rio Yanca, 1,900 meters, Weber- bauer 5757. Rio de Lomas, 700 meters, Weberbauer 5747. Rio de Lomas, Acari, 900 meters, Weberbauer 5735. Tiabaya, 2,100 meters, rocky river bank, Pennell 13088. Tacna: Candarave, 2,900 meters, Weberbauer 7366, 7367. The type is Gaudichaud 68 from some unknown locality of Peru, and Moquin reports also a collection by Mathews. The species is reported by the same author from Chile. FLORA OF PERU 477 It is uncertain whether the specimens cited really are referable to A. peruviana, since they do not agree quite satisfactorily with Moquin's descriptions. It is questionable, also, whether the speci- mens cited are specifically distinct from A. rotundifolia. Atriplex rotundifolia (Moq.) Dombey ex Moq. Chenop. Enum. 70. 1840, in syn. Obione rotundifolia Moq. loc. cit. A. Espostoi Speg. Physis 2: 241. /. 1916. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, coarse and stout, 50 cm. high or more, minutely farinose or more often green and glabrate, sparsely branched, the branches angulate; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades rather thin but sometimes thick and crispate, rounded-deltoid to broadly rhombic or ovate, commonly 4-6 cm. long, very obtuse or rounded at the apex, often coarsely dentate; flowers monoecious, the staminate heads in small but lax panicles, often blackish when dried, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper leaf axils; fruiting bracts variable but most of them large and greenish, finely farinose, deltoid or broadly rhombic, commonly tuberculate near the base. Lima: San Lorenzo Island, 400 meters, Weberbauer 5923; Wilkes Expl. Exped. Near Lima, Rose 18588. Without locality: Weber- bauer 5710. Type collected in Peru by Dombey. Moquin reports also a specimen collected by Mathews. Type of A. Espostoi collected on the coast of Peru by Nicolas E. Esposto. If all the collections cited above really belong to this species some of them are incomplete it is a remarkably variable one. Atriplex Herzogii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 125. 1931. A. serpyllifolia Herzog, Med. Rijks Herb. 27: 11. 1915, not Bunge, 1877. Perennial from a woody root, much branched, the branches 30 cm. long or less, pale, prostrate, forming dense mats; leaves subsessile, oblong to obovate, minute, whitish, obtuse or rounded at the apex and usually mucronate, entire, narrowed to the base; flowers monoe- cious, the staminate in few terminal heads scarcely exceeding the leaves, the pistillate axillary; fruiting bracts broadly rhombic or rounded, about 2 mm. long, finely dentate and usually tuberculate dorsally. Junin: Tarma, 2,100 meters, dry wash on hillside, 1000. Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, Pennell 13106. Also in Bolivia. This probably is the species reported by Moquin (in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 110. 1849) from Peru, collected by Pavon, provided that the specimen so reported was Peruvian. Another Pavon collection reported by Moquin (p. 113) likewise is probably A. Herzogii, if 478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII really Peruvian. The Pennell collection was determined by Ulbrich as A. prostrata Phil., a Chilean species. The specimen is unsatis- factory, but may well be referable to A. Herzogii. 60. AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family By Paul C. Standley Reference: Schinz, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16c: 7-85. 1934. Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, without stipules; flowers small, usually inconspicuous and green, sometimes white or colored, perfect, monoecious, polygamous, or dioecious, usually spicate or capitate, the bracts and bractlets scarious; petals none; sepals 0-5, distinct or slightly united at the base, equal or the inner ones smaller; stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals, the filaments free or connate or united with the intervening pseudostaminodia; anthers 1-2-celled; ovary 1-celled, containing 1 or few ovules, the style short or elongate, the stigmas 1-5; fruit usually a utricle, sometimes baccate or capsular, circumscissile, irregularly dehiscent, or indehiscent. There are few families in which characters for separating genera and species are so nearly confined to the flowers, foliage characters being usually of slight or no importance. The genera and in some cases the species can be determined only after careful and often difficult dissection of the flowers. Ovules 2 or more. Anthers 4-celled ; plants herbaceous or suffrutes- cent, never scandent; leaves alternate. Fruit somewhat baccate; perianth segments more or less spreading in age 1. Pleuropetalum. Fruit dry; perianth segments erect 2. Celosia. Ovule solitary. Leaves alternate. Anthers 4-celled. Seeds arillate; plants often scandent and frequently more or less woody; filaments connate at the base. . .3. Chamissoa. Seeds not arillate; plants never scandent, herbaceous; filaments distinct 4. Amaranthus. Leaves opposite. Anthers 4-celled; segments of the sterile flowers with uncinate, spine-like tips 5. Cyathula. Anthers 2-celled; segments of the flowers never with uncinate tips. FLORA OF PERU 479 Perianth segments united into a tube, this indurate in fruit and bearing spine-like appendages or dentate crests. 6. Froelichia. Perianth segments usually distinct, never with spines or crests in age. Stamens perigynous; flowers glomerate in the leaf axils, sessile. Plants perennial, the prostrate, much branched stems forming dense mats; plants densely lanate. 7. Guilleminea. Stamens hypogynous; flowers in heads or spikes, these sessile or more often pedunculate. Stigma capitate or sometimes shallowly bilobate. Stamen tube 5-lobate, without pseudostaminodia, the lobes 3-lobate, dentate, or laciniate. . .8. Pfaffia. Stamen tube 4-10-lobate, the antheriferous lobes alternating with pseudostaminodia, or the tube 5-lobate but with entire lobes. . .9. Alternanthera. Stigma 2-3-lobate, the lobes subulate or filiform. Stamen tube with broad lobes, these usually trilobate, dentate, or laciniate; flowers in broad, dense heads or spikes, these often subtended at the base by leaves; flowers perfect 10. Gomphrena. Stamen tube with entire, subulate lobes; flowers in slender spikes, these naked at the base; flowers often dioecious 11. Iresine. 1. PLEUROPETALUM Hook. f. Glabrous shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate; flowers perfect, pedicellate, racemose or paniculate, greenish; perianth segments sub- equal, striate-nerved, obtuse, spreading in fruit; stamens 5-8, the subulate filaments connate at the base into a short cup; stigmas 2-4, short, subulate; fruit baccate, rupturing irregularly, containing few or numerous seeds. Pleuropetalum Sprucei (Hook, f.) Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 21: 96. 1917. Melanocarpum Sprucei Hook. f. in B. & H. Gen. PI. 3: 24. 1880. A slender shrub with elongate, sometimes subscandent branches; leaves blackish when dried, short-petiolate, the blades oblong- lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 10-18 cm. long, long-acuminate, acumi- 480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII nate to subobtuse at the base; flowers paniculate, the panicles 3-6 cm. long, dense; sepals greenish, or becoming orange-red in fruit, 2.5-4 mm. long; fruit red or finally black, globose, 5 mm. in diameter. Illustrated, Curtis's Bot. Mag. pi. 6674. Ayacucho: Near Kimpitiriki, 400 meters, dense forest, Killip & Smith 23002. Ranging to southern Mexico. 2. CELOSIA L. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, usually petiolate; flowers perfect, in dense, terminal or axillary spikes, or fascicled along the branches; perianth 5-parted, the segments scarious; stamens 5, the filaments connate at the base into a short cup; style elongate, short, or none; stigmas 2-3, subulate or capitate; ovules 2 or more; utricle included or exserted, usually circumscissile, containing 2 to many seeds. Sepals 3-4 mm. long, brownish when dried; leaves narrowly oblong- lanceolate C. Persicaria. Sepals 5-9 mm. long; leaves mostly ovate. Flower spikes about 7 mm. thick, brownish when dried; sepals 5-6 mm. long C. virgata. Flower spikes 1.5-2 cm. thick, white, red, purple, or yellow; sepals 6-9 mm. long C. argentea. Celosia argentea L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753. C. cristata L. loc. cit. A coarse, erect annual; leaves long-petiolate, the blades linear to rounded-ovate, acute or acuminate, often tinged with purple; flowers forming dense, thick spikes terminating the branches, variable in color from white to red, purple, or yellow; sepals 6-9 mm. long; seeds 3-8. Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2396. Near Iquitos, Williams 1349, 3535. Pebas, Wittiams 1832. Puerto Arturo, in chacara, Williams 5133. San Martin : Rumizapa, Williams 6806. San Roque, Williams 7300. Tropics of both hemispheres. The form or variety cristata of this species, a form with fasciate inflorescence, is the common cockscomb ("cresta de gallo") of gardens, a favorite ornamental plant of tropical American gardens. It is probably a native of tropical America, but is not known in a wild state, although it sometimes persists or escapes from gardens. Cockscomb is cultivated for ornament in most tropical and temperate regions of the earth. FLORA OF PERU 481 Celosia Persicaria Schinz, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 4. 1903. Plants herbaceous, 50 cm. high; leaves glabrous, petiolate, the blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate, about 13 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, long-attenuate to the base; flower spikes simple or branched, the flowers densely glomerate, the glomerules sessile, remote along the slender rachis; sepals elongate-oval, obtuse. Neg. 27888. San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Spruce 4929 (type). Celosia virgata Jacq. Coll. Bot. 2: 279. 1788. C. virgata var. paniculata Suesseng. Repert. Sp. Nov. 39: 5. 1935. Plants erect, a meter high or less, glabrous, herbaceous or suf- frutescent; leaf blades broadly ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, 4-15 cm. long, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate, at the base abruptly contracted and long-decurrent upon the petiole; spikes sessile or pedunculate, short or elongate, in terminal or axillary panicles. Cajamarca: Ja6n, Raimondi 637, type of var. paniculata. Palmal, Prov. Santa Rosa, Raimondi 1131. Ranging northward to the West Indies and southern Mexico. 3. CHAMISSOA HBK. Erect or scandent herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate, with broad blades; flowers perfect or monoecious, each subtended by usually 3 bracts, spicate, the spikes axillary or terminal, simple or paniculate; sepals 5; stamens 5, connate at the base; staminodia none; ovule 1; style short or elongate, the 2 stigmas short or elongate; utricle thin-walled, circumscissile, surrounded by the persistent calyx; seed involved in an aril, or the aril minute. Aril minute; style elongate. Fruit subtruncate at the apex. 1. C. Maximiliani. Aril well developed, involving the seed; style short. Fruit rounded at the apex 2. C. macrocarpa. Fruit truncate and emarginate at the apex, or conspicuously areolate 3. C. altissima. Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 197. 1817. Celosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 298. 1762, not L. 1753. Achyranthes altissima Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 17. 1760. A. baccata Pavon ex Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 250. 1849, in syn. Kokera paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 542. 1891. 482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, stout, often much elongate and scandent, sometimes lower and suberect, glabrous or nearly so; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades oval to lanceolate, 6-18 cm. long, acute or acuminate, often rather thick; panicles naked or leafy, the spikes usually dense and thick; flowers greenish white or green, the sepals 3-4 mm. long, ovate or broadly ovate, acute or acuminate; utricle equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals; seed black, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter. Loreto: Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 432, 489, 521, 520, 510, 504, 498. Pebas, in forest, Williams 1852. La Victoria, edge of forest, in pasture, or along stream, Williams 2670, 2666, 2650, 2523. Caballo-cocha, in forest or cleared land, Williams 2417, 2295. Iquitos, Williams 8196, 8028. San Martin: Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6486. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2648. Without locality, Weberbauer 6964> Generally distributed in the lowlands of tropical America. The plant is abundant in many regions, growing usually in clear- ings or thickets. In some plants all or most of the flowers are sterile, the inflorescence then being much more lax and slender than in fertile plants. Chamissoa macrocarpa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 197. 1817. Celosia tomentosa Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 531. 1819. Plants low, herbaceous or suffrutescent, often scandent; leaves usually bright green when dried, slender-petiolate, the blades oblong- ovate or ovate-elliptic, 15 cm. long or less, acute or acuminate, glabrous or nearly so; panicles rather lax and open, the flowers 4 mm. long, green; sepals ovate-oblong; utricle usually surpassing the calyx, circumscissile below the middle. Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, Klug 2997 (determination uncertain). San Martin: Morales, near Tarapoto, in forest, Williams 5666. Tarapoto, Williams 6577. Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3859. Ranging to Brazil and Colombia, and perhaps also to Mexico. Chamissoa Maximiliani Mart, ex Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 251. 1849. Plants rather slender, herbaceous or suffrutescent, erect or sub- scandent, usually 1 meter long or less; leaves slender-petiolate, commonly drying bright green, the blades ovate or ovate-oblong, 4-8 cm. long, acuminate, acute to rounded at the base, puberulent on the veins or almost glabrous; inflorescence usually rather lax and FLORA OF PERU 483 open; sepals 3 mm. long, acuminate; utricle shorter than the calyx, areolate at the apex; seed black, 1.5 mm. in diameter. Neg. 7358. Junin: Colonia Perene", 600 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 25163. San Martin: Chazuta, 260 meters, in forest, King 4077. Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3782. Paraguay to Surinam and Costa Rica. All the Peruvian species of Chamissoa are almost identical in general appearance, and can be distinguished only by fruit char- acters. Specimens of C. Maximiliani usually are bright green when dried, and the inflorescence is more lax and open than is usual in C. altissima. 4. AMARANTHUS L. Annuals; leaves alternate, petiolate; flowers usually green, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, bracteate and bibracteolate, glomerate, the glomerules axillary or disposed in spikes, the spikes often paniculate; sepals usually 5, sometimes 1-3; stamens normally 5, the subulate or filiform filaments distinct; ovary 1-ovulate; style short or wanting, the style branches 2-3; utricle usually included in the perianth, indehiscent, cirsumscissile, or bursting irregularly, 2-3-dentate at the apex. There is considerable doubt regarding the validity of some of the forms listed here as species. The forms re- lated to A. hybridus are variable, and authors are not in agreement as to their status. Plants armed with axillary spines A. spinosus. Plants unarmed. Flowers all in axillary clusters A. peruvianus. Flowers chiefly in terminal spikes. Utricle indehiscent. Utricle rugose A. gracilis. Utricle smooth A. deflexus. Utricle circumscissile. Sepals of the pistillate flowers spatulate, contracted into a claw, urceolate in age, pinnate-nerved .... A. Haughtii. Sepals of the pistillate flower oblong to obovate, not con- tracted into a claw or, if somewhat spatulate, not urceolate. Seeds white or whitish A. caudatus. Seeds black. 484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Bracts conspicuously longer than the sepals. Bracts green, usually twice as long as the sepals; terminal spike commonly short and thick, erect. A. hybridus. Bracts deep red or purple, less than twice as long as the sepals; terminal spike slender, much elongate, recurved A. cruentus. Bracts not exceeding the sepals, often much shorter. Flower spikes short, very dense, usually 1 cm. thick or more A. celosioides. Flower spikes much elongate, slender and often inter- rupted, commonly 5-7 mm. thick. . . .A. dubius. Amaranthus caudatus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. Plants coarse and erect, often 2 meters high or more, at least in cultivation, sparsely branched, glabrous, or sparsely villous about the inflorescence; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades lanceolate to rhombic-ovate, 20 cm. long or less, acute at base and apex; panicles usually very large and composed of numerous long, slender, dense spikes, these often drooping; bracts twice as long as the sepals or shorter; sepals of the pistillate flower 1.5-2 mm. long, usually spatu- late, often red or purple; utricle circumscissile at the middle; seeds whitish in cultivated forms, dull, not shining and black as in most species. Without locality: Weberbauer 5426. Probably native of the Old World tropics. Called "Inca pachaqui" in Bolivia. In some parts of the Andes the plant is grown extensively for its seeds, which are boiled and eaten, or ground into meal. The plant is grown for food in central Mexico, as well as in Abyssinia and Tibet and other regions of the Old World. Amaranthus celosioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 194. 1817. Plants tall and stout or more often low, often much branched; leaves on long, slender petioles, the blades orbicular to broadly ovate or ovate-rhombic, 6 cm. long or less, broadly rounded to acutish at the apex; flower spikes green or sometimes sparsely tinged with red, short, thick, very dense, erect; bracts mostly shorter than the sepals; sepals 5; utricle circumscissile. Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, a dooryard weed, 1684- Junin: Tarma, 3,100 meters, open hillside, Killip & Smith 21926. Lima: FLORA OF PERU 485 Lima, 150 meters, roadsides, 68. Piura: Parinas Valley, Haught F179. Without locality, Weberbauer 5332. Chile to Venezuela. "Ratago." Called "bledo" in Ecuador. Amaranthus cruentus L. Syst. Veg. ed. 10. 1269. 1759. A. paniculatus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1406. 1763. Plants stout, erect, 2 meters high or less, simple or much branched, the stems usually pubescent, villous about the inflorescence; leaves long-petiolate, the blades rhombic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 30 cm. long or less, acute or acuminate, acute to attenuate at the base; panicles usually large, composed of numerous spikes, the terminal spike usually much elongate, slender, and recurved, deep red or purple; bracts usually half longer than the sepals; sepals of the pis- tillate flower 1.5 mm. long, often obtuse or rounded at the apex; utricle exceeding the sepals, circumscissile at the middle. Loreto: Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 348. Cultivated for orna- ment and escaped in tropical and temperate regions of both hemi- spheres; perhaps native of tropical America. Known in Ecuador by the names "bledo Colorado," "sangorache," and "ataco." Amaranthus deflexus L. Mant. PI. 2: 295. 1771. Euxolus deflexus Raf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1837. Plants much branched, glabrous or nearly so, ascending or decumbent, 60 cm. high or less; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, small, narrowed to the obtuse apex, rounded to cuneate at the base; flowers green or purplish, chiefly in short, dense, stout, terminal spikes 2-8 cm. long; bracts shorter than the flowers; utricle oblong, smooth, longer than the sepals. Arequipa: Posco, 550 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1*3. Probably native of the Old World, but adventive in the American tropics; specimens seen from Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Amaranthus dubius Mart. PI. Hort. Erlang. 197. 1814. A. tristis Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 21. 1790, saltern ex parte, not L. 1753. Plants slender, erect, 1 meter high or less, often much branched, glabrous throughout or nearly so; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades ovate or rhombic-ovate, 3-12 cm. long, narrowed to the obtuse or rounded and often emarginate apex, rounded to acutish at the base, thin; spikes green or whitish, 5-25 cm. long, most of the flowers sterile; bracts scarious, mostly shorter than the sepals; utricle thin- walled, often exceeding the sepals. 486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters, open hillside, Killip & Smith 23110. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 24057 Loreto: La Victoria, edge of forest, Williams 2893. Recreo, in chacara, Williams 4155. Generally distributed in tropical America. Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Tabl. Bot. 43. 1804. Chenopodium caudatum Jacq. Coll. Bot. 2: 325. 1788, not Amaranthus caudatus L. 1753. Euxolus caudatus Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 274. 1849. Plants rather slender, usually less than 1 meter high, much branched, glabrous; leaves long-petiolate, thin, the blades ovate or ovate-rhombic, 8 cm. long or less, rounded or narrowed at the apex, with emarginate tip, rounded to broadly cuneate at the base; spikes panicled, 4-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. thick; bracts ovate, scarious, much shorter than the flowers; sepals 3, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, cuspidate; utricle strongly rugose, equaling or longer than the sepals. Libertad: Salaverry, sandy slope of Morro Hill, Johnston 3520. Loreto: Mishuyacu, in clearing, Klug297. La Victoria, in pasture, Williams 2731. Iquitos, in pasture, Williams 8188. Piura: Parinas Valley, Haught 265. Tropics of both hemispheres. "Ataco." Amaranthus Haughtii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 149. 1936. Plants nearly glabrous, 20-60 cm. high; leaves on long, slender petioles, the blades lance-linear to ovate-elliptic, narrowed to the obtuse or rounded apex, long-attenuate to the base; flowers dioecious, pale green, arranged in axillary clusters and in short, dense, terminal spikes; sepals 5, the pistillate broadly obovate-spatulate, 2-2.5 mm. long, broadly rounded or subtruncate at the apex, with green nerves; utricle much shorter than the sepals, tridentate at the apex, circumscissile near the middle. Piura: Parinas Valley, Haught F147 (type), F148, 221, 227. Talara, along sandy draws and on cliff talus, Johnston 3509. Without locality, Weberbauer 5960. Easily recognized by the dioecious flowers and spatulate pistillate sepals. Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753. A. hypocondriacus L. Sp. PL 991. 1753. A. chlorostachys Willd. Hist. Amaranth. 34. 1790. Plants low or tall and coarse and as much as 2.5 meters high, usually much branched, erect, glabrous, rough-puberulent, or some- what villous; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades lanceolate to rhombic-ovate, 3-15 cm. long, acute to rounded at the apex, some- FLORA OF PERU 487 what pubescent or glabrous; flower spikes axillary and terminal, stout and dense, the terminal ones erect; bracts lanceolate or ovate, with spinose tips; sepals of the pistillate flower 1.5-2 mm. long, 1-nerved, usually mucronate; utricle equaling or shorter than the sepals, circumscissile at the middle, often rugose. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 715. Ha- cienda Capana, Paucartambo Valley, 3,450 meters, Hen era 1053. Vilcanota Valley, 2,900 meters, H err era 1073. Valle Lares, Diehl 2443- Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, grassy stream margin, 320. San Geronimo, along trail, 150 meters, 5915. Tropical and temperate regions of almost the whole earth; usually a weed in cultivated or waste ground. "Tataco," "jataco." The species is a somewhat variable one* Amaranthus peruvianus (Schauer) Standl., comb. nov. Mengea peruviana Schauer, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19: Suppl. 1: 406. 1843. Plants small and prostrate, glabrous, the branches 15 cm. long or less, very leafy; leaves on rather long and somewhat margined petioles, the blades orbicular or nearly so, mostly 4-7 mm. long, broadly rounded and often emarginate at the apex, contracted or narrowed at the base, with rather conspicuous, pale margins and few nerves; flowers few in the axils, the bracts white and scarious; sepal only 1; stamen 1; utricle membranaceous, greenish, slightly longer than the sepals. Puno: Type from Lake Titicaca, at 3,870 meters, Meyen (photo, seen, ex hb. Berol.). Also in Bolivia. Easily recognized by the prostrate habit, very small leaves, and few flowers. Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753. A. caracasanus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 195. 1817. Plants nearly glabrous, erect or ascending, 1 meter high or less, much branched, armed with stout, fleshy spines in the leaf axils; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, 12 cm. long or less, narrowed to the obtuse apex; pistillate flowers in dense, globose, axillary clusters, the staminate in long, slender, terminal, pale spikes; bracts usually shorter than the sepals, some- times longer; sepals 5 in the pistillate flower, 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or acute; utricle about equaling the sepals, irregularly and imper- fectly circumscissile. Cuzco: Rio Alto Urubamba, Diehl 2491. Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2365. Piura: Near Saucecito, Haught 125. San Martin: 488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII Tarapoto, in pasture, Williams 5624- San Roque, Williams 7246. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2733. Tropical and tem- perate regions of both hemispheres, probably native of tropical America. "Ataco," "ataco casha." The plant is a common weed of the lowland tropics of America, and extends far northward into the United States. In some regions the leaves and young shoots are cooked and eaten like spinach. 5. CYATHULA Lour. Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, petiolate; flowers fasciculate, each fascicle consisting of 1-2 perfect flowers and few or many sterile ones, the fascicles spicate or capitate, reflexed in age; segments of the sterile flowers finally produced into elongate bristles, these uncinate at the apex; stamens 5, the filaments united at the base, the staminodia linear or quadrate and lacerate; stigma capitate; utricle included in the perianth, indehiscent. Cyathula achyranthoides (HBK.) Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 326. 1849. Desmochaeta achyranthoides HBK. Nov. Gen. &Sp. 2